ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Biographies : History of Central Asia </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlcasia.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../../region/banners/banbiography.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Historical Dictionary </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on June 13th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Biographies : History of Central Asia </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/biographies/wh/biocasia.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "amanullahkhan">Amanullah Khan</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "avicenna">Avicenna</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Babur <BR> <A NAME = "batukhan">Batu Khan</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Berke Khan <BR> <A NAME = "choybalsan">Choybalsan</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "dezhnev">Dezhnev, <BR> Simeon Ivanovich</A> <BR> <A NAME = "firdausi">Firdausi</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "genghiskhan">Genghis Khan</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hulagukhan">Hulagu Khan</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Ibn Sina <BR> <A NAME = "khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "kublaikhan">Kublai Khan</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "langdarma">Langdarma</A> <BR><BR> Mahmud of Ghazni <BR> <A NAME = "marcopolo">Marco Polo</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mossadegh">Mohammad Mossadegh</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Muhammad <BR> al Ghuri (of Gor) <BR> <A NAME = "rezapahlevi">Muhammad <BR> Reza Pahlevi</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "nadirshah">Nadir Shah</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "ogedeikhan">Ogedei Khan</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "omarkhayyam">Omar Khayyam</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "richthofen">Richthofen, <BR> Ferdinand von</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> Tamerlane <BR> Temujin <BR> <A NAME = "timurlenk">Timur Lenk</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "yakubbeg">Yakub Beg</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "yermak">Yermak, Timofeyevich</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> full name Ghazi Amir Amanullah Khan, born in 1892; following the assassination <BR> of his father Habibullah Khan in 1919 and succeeded him as ruler of <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#afghanistan">Afghanistan</A>; launched a Holy War against British India in 1919 <BR> (3rd <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#angloafghanwars">Anglo-Afghan War</A>) which resulted in British recognition of <BR> Afghan independence; implemented reforms such as introducing a new dress code <BR> (women unveiled), which was widely resented. A rebellion in 1924 was suppressed; <BR> another rebellion in 1928 forced him to go into exile (1929). see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.afghanan.net/biographies/amanullahkhan.htm">Biographies of Afghans</A> <BR> full name Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina, 980-1037, Islamic scholar who <BR> lived in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#samaniddyn">Samanid</A> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#choresm">Chorasan</A>. Wrote numerous books on medicine and philosophy. <BR> Most famous books <i>The Book of Healing</i> and <i>Canon of Medicine</i>. These were <BR> translated into Latin (hence his Latinized name Avicenna) and served as textbooks <BR> on medicine at christian universities in the middle ages. <BR> click <A HREF = "biosasia.html#babur">here</A> <BR> born c.1205, grandson of Genghis Khan; commanded an army of 130,000 <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#kipchaktatars">Kipchak <BR> Tatars</A> which in 1235 moved towards Europe, took Volga Bulgaria in 1236, Kievan <BR> Rus 1237-1240, invaded Poland and Hungary in 1241, where his armies crushed <BR> Polish-German and Hungarian armies respectively. The <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#khuraltai">Khuraltai</A> held following <BR> the death of Ogedei Khan 1242 caused him to withdraw. Established the Khanate <BR> of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#kipchaktatars">Kipchak Tatars</A> (Blue Horde, later <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#goldenhorde">Golden Horde</A>). Died in 1255. <BR> click <A HREF = "bioeeurope.html#berkekhan">here</A> <BR> Horloogiyn Choybalsan, born in 1895, co-founder of the Mongolian People's Party <BR> 1920, career politician, PM 1939-1952, died in 1952. Implemented Stalinist <BR> policies. <BR> born in 1605; Russian explorer, travelled through the Bering Strait in 1648. Cape <BR> Dezhnev, Siberia's easternmost point, is named after him. Died in 1672. <BR> or Ferdowsi Tousi, 935-1020, Iranian poet who lived in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#choresm">Chorasan</A>, under the <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#samaniddyn">Samanid Dynasty</A> until it was overthrown by the Ghaznavids. Regarded one of <BR> the greatest poets in Persian language. Wrote the Shahnama. <BR> also spelled Chingis Khan, Jenghiz Khan etc., born as Temujin (Temuchin) in <BR> the 1160es, united the Mongolian tribes in 1206; launched war against neigh- <BR> boring states, laid the foundation to the Mongol Empire. Took Beijing in 1215. <BR> Died in 1227. <BR> born in 1217 as grandson of Genghis Khan, given the command of an army and <BR> ordered to conquer <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#iran">Iran</A>, Iraq etc. in 1255; conquered Baghdad and razed the <BR> city, having most of her population massacred (1258); Damascus, Aleppo, Mosul <BR> opened their gates without offering resistance. Caused to withdraw to attend a <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#khuraltai">Khuraltai</A>, during his absence Mamluks defeated Mongol force at Ain Jalut 1260. <BR> died in 1265; founder of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#ilkhanate">Il-Khanate</A>. <BR> see under Avicenna <BR> full name Ruhollah Khomeini, born in 1900, named Ayatollah in the 1950s; in <BR> 1964 he went to Iraq into exile, moving to France in 1978. He became the <BR> generally recognized leader of the Iranian Shi'ite community. He called on the <BR> Iranians to resist the rule of the Shah, who was toppled in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#islamicrevolution">Islamic Revolution</A> <BR> of 1979. Khomeini returned to Iran, which was proclaimed an Islamic Republic. <BR> Khomeini was appointed head of state for life; he lead his country through the <BR> First Gulf War 1980-1988. Died in 1989. <BR> or Kubilai, Khubilai Khan, born in 1215 as grandson of Genghis Khan (brother <BR> of Hulagu Khan). Succeeded Mongke Khan as Great Khan in 1260; founded <BR> the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#yuandynasty">Yuan Dynasty</A> (Mongol Dynasty ruling China). In 1279 he conquered Sung <BR> China, his armies established a new political order in Burma and on Java, were <BR> repelled in Vietnam and by Japan. Under his rule, Marco Polo stayed in China. <BR> Died in 1294. <BR> or Lang Darma, King of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#tibet">Tibet</A> 838-842, closed down Buddhist monasteries, <BR> persecuted Buddhist monks. Buddhism had to be reintrioduced to Tibet in 978. <BR> click <A HREF = "biosasia.html#mahmudofghazni">here</A> <BR> Venetian merchant-adventurer, born in 1254, died in 1324. Travelled with his <BR> father and uncle to China 1271, returned 1295. Was taken prisoner during war <BR> by the Genoese; dictated his life's story to a fellow prisoner; it was published <BR> under the title <i>Il Milione</i>. <BR> born in 1882, Iranian, career politician, PM 1951-1953. He nationalized the oil <BR> industry in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#iran">Iran</A>; the British navy blocked Iranian oil exports. The domestic <BR> situation worsened; street demonstrations (spurred by the CIA) made the <BR> situation for Mossadegh increasingly difficult; in 1953 he resigned. Died in <BR> 1967. <BR> click <A HREF = "biosasia.html#ghuri">here</A> <BR><BR> born in 1919, educated in Switzerland, Shah 1941-1979. <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#iran">Iran</A> was a constitutional <BR> monarchy; in 1953 the Shah briefly fled the country; after PM Mossadegh was <BR> ousted, the Shah assumed control of the country, using his secret police (SAVAK). <BR> Strove to make Iran a regional power; spent part of the oil revenues on an opulent <BR> court. Suffering from cancer, he left Iran for treatment in the USA. Then his regime <BR> was toppled in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#islamicrevolution">Islamic Revolution</A> of 1979; he died in 1980. <BR> born in 1688, Afshar Turk born in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#choresm">Chorasan</A>, expelled the Afghans (1736, when <BR> he became Shah) who had conquered Iran in 1722. Conquered <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#kabul">Kabul</A> in 1738, <BR> plundered Delhi in 1739. died in 1747. <BR> Great Khan 1229-1241; during his rule, the Mongol Empire expanded greatly. <BR> The <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#jurchen">Jin Dynasty</A> surrendered in 1234; the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#kipchaktatars">Kipchak Tatars</A> conquered the Volga <BR> Bulgars in 1236, Kiev in 1240. <BR> Persian poet, mathematician, astronomer, 1048-1131, lived in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#choresm">Chorasan</A> under <BR> Seljuk rulers. Most famous work, in the west, the <i>Rubayyat</i>. Khayyam was <BR> a Sufi. <BR> Ferdinand Paul Wilhelm, Freiherr von Richthofen (Freiherr often translated to Baron), <BR> born in 1833, geographer and explorer. Participated in the Eulenburg mission to <BR> East Asia in 1859; undertook numerous expeditions on his own. Coined the term <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#silkroad"><i>Silk Road</i></A>. Suggested to the German govt. to take a hold of Kiautschou Bay <BR> - which it did in 1897. <BR> see Timur Lenk <BR> see Genghis Khan <BR> also referred to as Tamerlane, born in 1336; in 1358-1363, as a military commander, <BR> in combination with Kurgan, he destroyed the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#chagatay">Chagatay Khanate</A>. Ruler in his own <BR> right since 1370, he established his capital at <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#samarkand">Samarkand</A>, crushed the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#goldenhorde">Golden Horde</A> <BR> in 1392-1395, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#delhi">Delhi</A> in 1398, the Ottoman Empire in 1402. He died while preparing a <BR> campaign into China, in 1405. Timur Lenk translates to Timur the Lame. Muslim, <BR> descendant of Genghis Khan, one of the most ferocious conquerors the world has <BR> seen. He seemed more intent on destruction and plunder than on conquest; the <BR> Golden Horde and the Ottoman Empire recovered; his son and succdessor Shah <BR> Rukh ruled only over core <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#choresm">Chorasan</A> and Persia. <BR> born in Kokand in 1820. Led a rising of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#xinjiang">Xinjiang</A> Muslims against Chinese rule 1862 <BR> to 1877; died in 1877. <BR> Yermak Timofeyevich, cossack, who, in the service of the Stroganoff family (Russian <BR> merchants), commanding a band of Cossacks, conquered the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdcasia.html#sibir">Khanate of Sibir</A> in <BR> 1582. Encountering continuing resistance, he placed Sibir under the protection of <BR> Czar Ivan IV. Killed in 1584. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> ONLINE REFERENCE : <BR> List of Presidents etc. of <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mongolia.htm">Mongolia</A>, of Kings, Presidents etc. of <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Afghanistan.htm">Afghanistan</A>, of Shahs, Presidents etc. of <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Iran.htm">Iran</A>, of Presidents etc. of <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Turkmenistan.html">Turkmenistan</A>, of Presidents etc. of <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Tajikistan.html">Tajikistan</A>, of Presidents etc. of <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Uzbekistan.html">Uzbekistan</A>, of Presidents etc. of <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Kyrgyzstan.htm">Kyrgyzstan</A>, of Presidents etc. of <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Kazakhstan.htm">Kazakhstan</A>, from World Statesmen, posted by Ben Cahoon </A> <BR> List of Mongol Khans, from <A HREF = "http://www.nestorian.org/mongol_khans.html">nestorian.org</A>, from <A HREF = "http://www.kessler-web.co.uk/History/KingListsFarEast/AsiaMongols.htm">Kessler Web</A>, from <A HREF = "http://www.hostkingdom.net/mongols.html">Regnal Chronologies</A> <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.afghanan.net/biographies/index.htm">Biographies of Afghans</A> from Watan Afghanistan <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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