ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Biographies : History of Confucianism </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlconfucianism.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../../region/banners/banbiography.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdconficianism.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Historical Dictionary </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on June 27th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Biographies : History of Confucianism </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/biographies/wh/bioconfucianism.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "clementxi">Clement XI.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "confucius">Confucius</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "fuhsi">Fu Hsi</A> <BR><BR><BR> Kung Fuzi <BR> <A NAME = "laozi">Lao Zi</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "jameslegge">Legge, James</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mencius">Mencius</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "ricci">Ricci, Matteo</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "shihuangdi">Shi Huang Di</A> <BR> <A NAME = "zhuxi">Zhu Xi</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> born in 1649 as Giovanni Francesco Albani, elected Pope in 1700, took the name <BR> Clement XI., died in 1721. In 1705 he rejected the Jesuit proposal to treat Confu- <BR> cianism as a branch of christianity; in 1711 he forbade conducting holy mass in <BR> Chinese language. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04029a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> also spelled Kung Fuzi, Kung Fu-Tse, Master Kung. Confucius is the Latinized ver- <BR> sion of his name, by which he is best known in the west. Born in the Chinese state <BR> of Lu in 551 B.C., he strove for a career in the civil service, but failed to get ap- <BR> pointed. He became a teacher instead, compiled books on poetry, history, rites, <BR> which in essence are on ethics, harmony, social order. Often regarded a philo- <BR> sopher or the founder of a religion. Among the most influential Chinese in history. <BR> died in 479 B.C. Significant elements of Confucianism - the theory of the Mandate <BR> of Heaven, the Civil Service Examinations - were introduced by later generations. <BR> see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius">Wikipedia</A> <BR> Legendary first emperor of China. Sources disagree about his lifetime (c.3322 B.C. <BR> vs. c.2852 B.C. Credited with the invention of writing, fishing and trapping. The I <BR> Ching is attributed to him. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Hsi">Wikipedia</A> <BR> see under Confucius <BR> also spelled Lao Tse, Lao Tze, Lao Tzu. Lived during the 4th century B.C.; wrote <BR> the Tao Te Ching; founder of Taoism. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Zi">Wikipedia</A> <BR> 1815-1897, Scottish sinologist; libed as a missionary in China 1842-1870, trans- <BR> lated the Confucian Classics into English; Professor of Chinese at Oxford since <BR> 1876. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Legge">Wikipedia</A> <BR> Mengzi or Meng Tse; 371-c.289 B.C., Confucian philosopher; served as a state <BR> official in Qi 319-312 B.C.; integrated the concept of Mandate of Heaven and of <BR> the withdrawal thereof into Confucian thought. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mencius">Wikipedia</A> <BR> 1552-1610, Italian Jesuit missionary in China; arrived in Macau in 1582, in Beijing <BR> in 1601. Translated European books into Chinese, the Confucian Classics into <BR> Latin. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Ricci">Wikipedia</A> <BR> click <A HREF = "bioeasia.html#shihuangdi">here</A> <BR> or Chu Hsi, 1130-1200; scholar in Southern Sung Dynasty China. Added to the <BR> traditional 5 Confucian Classics - the Analects of Confucius, the Great Learning, <BR> the Doctrine of the Mean, Mencius. Regarded the most important Neo-Confucia- <BR> nist. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi">Wikipedia</A> <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> ONLINE REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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