ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Biographies : Early Empires </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlearlyemp.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../../region/banners/banbiography.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Historical Dictionary </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on June 20th 2004, last revised on August 30th 2006 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Biographies : Early Empires </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/biographies/wh/bioearlyemp.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "akhenaton">Akhenaton</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "assurbanipal">Assurbanipal</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cambyses">Cambyses II.</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cyrus">Cyrus the Great</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "dariusi">Darius I.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "dariusiii">Darius III.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hammurabi">Hammurabi</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mursilis">Mursilis I.</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar II.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "nefertiti">Nefertiti</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "ramsesii">Ramses II.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "sargon">Sargon</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A MAME = "tiglathpileser">Tiglath-Pileser III.</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "xerxes">Xerxes I.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> Amenhotep IV., Amenophis IV., changed his name to Akhenaton (also spelled <BR> Akhenaten, Akhnaten, Akhnaton, Ikhnaton, Echnaton. Pharaoh of the 18th <BR> dynasty, ruled Egypt 1367-1350 or 1349-1333 B.C.; moved capital to Akhetaten <BR> (Amarna), promoted the worship of god Aten over that of all other deities; has <BR> been seen as a protagonist of monotheism (S. Freud). The Aten cult did not <BR> survive his death. <BR> or Ashurbanipal, Ashurbanapli, ruled <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#assyrianemp">Assyrian Empire</A> 668-627 B.C. Main- <BR> tained Assyria's position as a great power; after his death, Babylonia and the <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#medes">Medes</A> broke away. <BR> (according to the Greek spelling; in Persian Kambujiya), son and successor of <BR> Cyrus II. the Great, ruled the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#persianemp">Persian Empire</A> 528-521 B.C., conquered Egypt <BR> in 525 B.C. <BR> (according to the Greek spelling; in Persian Koroush or Khorvash); born in 576 <BR> B.C., succeeded to the throne of the Persian Kingdom of Anshan in 559; threw <BR> off the Median yoke (554), conquered the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#medes">Medes</A> (549), <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#lydia">Lydia</A> (546), the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#neobabylonianemp">Neo- <BR> Babylonian Empire</A> (539), founded the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#persianemp">Persian Empire</A>. Of the Achaemenid <BR> Dynasty. Credited for the Persian policy of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#religioustoleration">Religious Toleration</A>. <BR> or Dareius, according to the Greek spelling; in Persian Dariush or Darayavaush. <BR> Ruled <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#persianemp">Persian Empire</A> 521-485 B.C., took power by force, by eliminating the <BR> usurper Smerdis in 521. Under Darius I., the Indus valley was conquered (513), <BR> rebellions in Babylonia and Susiana were pot down; undertook an unsuccessful <BR> expedition against the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#scythia">Scythians</A> in 512 which resulted in the submission of <BR> Thrace. Crushed the Ionian Revolt 500-494, sent a fleet into Greece (Battle of <BR> Marathon 490). Died in 485 B.C. Zoroastrian. <BR> prior to becoming ruler, his name was Codomannus; last ruler of the Achae- <BR> menid Dynasty, born 380 B.C., ruled <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#persianemp">Persian Empire</A> 336-330 B.C., defeated by <BR> Alexander in the battles if Issus 333 and at Gaugamela 331 B.C., killed by <BR> Bessus, a Persian official, in 330 B.C. <BR> also spelled Hammu-rapi or Khammurabi, King of Babylon; conquered Akkad <BR> and Sumer, established the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#babylonianemp">Babylonian Empire</A>. His rule is dated as 1792-1750 <BR> B.C. by the middle chronology, 1728-1686 B.C. by the short chronology. Most <BR> famous for the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#codeofhammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</A>, a set of laws. <BR> also spelled Mursili or Murshili, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#hittiteemp">Hittite</A> king, c.1620-1590 B.C., conquered <BR> Babylon. <BR> or Nebuchadrezzar (II), ruler of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#neobabylonianemp">Neo-Babylonian Empire</A> c.630-c.561 B.C., <BR> defeated the Egyptians in the Battle of Carchemish 606 B.C., conquered Jeru- <BR> salem in 597 and 586 and forced its inhabitants to settle in Babylonia (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#babylonianexile">Babylo- <BR> nian Exile</A>). Constructed a palace in Babylon. <BR> or Nofretete, wife of Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV., better known as <BR> Akhenaton. Famous for her bust, kept in the Egyptian Museum in Berlin. <BR> also spelled Rameses or Ramesses. Ramses II. the Great, of the 19th dynasty, <BR> ruled Egypt 1290-1224 B.C.; he was born in 1314 B.C.; undertook military ex- <BR> peditions into Syria, fought Battle of Qadesh 1286, concluded peace with the <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#hittiteemp">Hittites</A> in 1269; undertook expeditions into <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#nubia">Nubia</A>. <BR> ruler of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#akkadianemp">Akkad</A> 2334-2279 B.C., conquered Sumer and the west (northern Meso- <BR> potamia, Syria), established what is believed to have been the first Empire in <BR> history. <BR> or Tilgath-Pil-neser, ruled <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#assyrianemp">Assyrian Empire</A> 744-727 B.C., forced Israel, Judah <BR> into submission. In the bible referred to as King Pul. <BR> pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, ruled Egypt 1347-1338 or 1333-1323 B.C., famous<BR> for being the only Egyptian pharaoh whose tomb was found intact by archae- <BR> ologists. <BR> according to the Greek spelling; in Persian Khshayarsha. Of the Achaemenid <BR> Dynasty, son of Darius I. the Great. Ruled the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdearlyemp.html#persianemp">Persian Empire</A> 485-465 B.C.; <BR> led a Persian army into Greece; victorious at Thermopylae; burnt down Athens. <BR> His navy was defeated in the Battle of Salamis 480, his army in the Battle of <BR> Plataea 479. Murdered in 465. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> List of Assyrian Kings, posted by <A HREF = "http://www.ancientroute.com/Trees/Assyria.htm">Rodney R. Baird</A> <BR> List of Babylonian Kings, posted by <A HREF = "http://www.ancientroute.com/Trees/BabylonK.htm">Rodney R. Baird</A> <BR> List of Egyptian Pharaohs, posted by <A HREF = "http://www.cofc.edu/~piccione/graphics/kinglist.html">P.A. Piccione</A>; from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh">Wikipedia</A> <BR> List of Hittite Kings, posted by <A HREF = "http://ragz-international.com/line_of_hittite_kings.htm">ragz international</A>; from <A HREF = "http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/rulers.htm#Hittites">Rulers of Anatolia</A> <BR> List of Lydian Kings, from <A HREF = "http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/rulers.htm#Lydia">Rulers of Anatolia</A> <BR> List of Mitanni Kings, from <A HREF = "http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/rulers.htm#Mitanni">Rulers of Anatolia</A> <BR> List of Persian Kings, from <A HREF = "http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/rulers.htm#Persian">Rulers of Anatolia</A>; from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Persia">Wikipedia</A> <BR> List of Urartu Kings, posted by <A HREF = "http://members.aol.com/Ian Wade/Waste/Urartu.html">Jonathan Wade</A>; from <A HREF = "http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/rulers.htm#Urartu">Rulers of Anatolia</A> <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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