ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Biographies : Hellenism </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlhellenism.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../../region/banners/banbiography.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Historical Dictionary </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on June 5th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Biographies : Hellenism </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/biographies/wh/biohellenism.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "alexanderthegreat">Alexander III. <BR> the Great</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "alexanderiv">Alexander IV.</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "antigonusi">Antigonus I. <BR> Monophthalmos</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "antigonusii">Antigonus II. Gonatas</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "antigonusiii">Antigonus III. Doson</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "antiochusiii">Antiochus III. <BR> the Great</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "aratus">Aratus of Sikyon</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "archimedes">Archimedes</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "arsaces">Arsaces</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "attalusi">Attalus I.</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cassander">Cassander</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cleomenesiii">Cleomenes III.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cleopatra">Cleopatra</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "demetrius">Demetrius I. <BR> Poliorcetes</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "epicurus">Epicurus</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "euclid">Euclid</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hiero">Hiero</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hipparchus">Hipparchus</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "lysimachus">Lysimachus</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mani">Mani</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "menander">Menander</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mithradatesvi">Mithradates VI.</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "olympias">Olympias</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "pausanias">Pausanias</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "perseus">Perseus</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "philipv">Philip V.</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "plutarch">Plutarch</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "polybius">Polybius</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "ptolemyi">Ptolemy I. Soter</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "ptolemy">Ptolemy</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "pyrrho">Pyrrho of Elis</A> <BR> <A NAME = "pyrrhus">Pyrrhus</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "roxana">Roxana</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "seleucusi">Seleucus I. Nicator</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "statira">Statira</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "strabo">Strabo</A> <BR> <A NAME = "zeno">Zeno</A> <BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> born in 356 B.C., succeeded his father Philip as King of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#macedonia">Macedonia</A> in 336, launched <BR> invasion of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#persianempire">Persian Empire</A> in 334, married Statira, daughter of Persian Emperor Darius <BR> III., and other Persian princesses, among them Roxana, who gave birth to his only child, <BR> Alexander IV. Alexander III. died of fever in 323 B.C., age 33. His vita was written by <BR> Arrian, 4 centuries later. <BR> son of Alexander the Great and his wife Roxana; born after his father's death (323). The <BR> regency was contested (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#warsofthediadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</A>); in 309, Cassander had both Roxana and <BR> her son Alexander IV. killed. <BR> 382-301 B.C., the one-eyed, governor of Phrygia, after Alexander's death he pursued policy <BR> of holding Empire together. Defeated in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#bofipsus">Battle of Ipsus</A> 301 by coalition (Seleucus I. <BR> Nicator, Lysimachus). Father of Demetrius I. Poliorcetes; after him <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#antigoniddyn">Antigonid dynasty</A> is <BR> named; fell at Ipsus. <BR> 320-239 B.C., son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, the king of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#macedonia">Macedonia</A>; served on his <BR> campaigns in Greece. Assumed royal title on the occasion of his father's death (282), <BR> reclaimed Macedonia in 277. <BR> 263-221 B.C., King of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#macedonia">Macedonia</A> 229-221. In the battle of Sellasia 222 he defeated <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#sparta">Sparta</A> (King Cleomenes III.) and ended Spartan independence. <BR> 242-187 B.C., faced secession of satrapies in Iran; reestablished Seleucid rule in Iran, <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#bactria">Bactria</A>, conquered Indus valley, Asia Minor. Got in conflict with Rome, was defeated in <BR> 190, had to cede large territories in Asia Minor to <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#pergamon">Pergamon</A>. <BR> 271-213 B.C., expelled tyrant Nicocles of Sicyon; became leading politician of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#achaeanleague">Achaean <BR> League</A> whom he established as a major force in Greece. Established an alliance <BR> with <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#macedonia">Macedonia</A> against the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#aetolianleague">Aetolian</A>s. <BR> 287-212 B.C., Greek philosopher (engineer, mathematician, physicist). Made basic <BR> observations on fluid mechanics, is credited with the invention of a basic pump, the <BR> Archimedes' screw. His defense of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#syracuse">Syracuse</A>'s seaside walls one of the most impressive <BR> events in the military history of Antiquity. His works include <i>On the Sphere and Cylinder</i>, <BR> <i>On Spirals</i>, <i>On Floating Bodies</i>, <i>On the Method of Mechanical Theorems</i>. <BR> ruler of the Parni, who conquered the Seleucid province of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#parthianempire">Parthia</A> c.250 B.C., regarded <BR> the founder of the Parthian Empire and the Arsacid Dynasty. died in 248 B.C. <BR> 269-197, King of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#pergamon">Pergamon</A> since 241. Expanded Pergamene territory. Lost much of it <BR> during the later part of his reign to <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#seleuciddyn">Seleucids</A>; Pergamon regained it in 188, after the <BR> Romans had defeated Antiochus III. the Great. <BR> son of Antipater, governor of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#macedonia">Macedonia</A>; claimed governorship after his father's death, <BR> defeated competitors; was in control since 316; had Alexander's mother Olympias (316), <BR> his wife Roxana and son Alexander IV. (309) killed. Claimed to be king of Macedonia <BR> since 305 or 302, ruled until his death in 297. <BR> Spartan king 235-222, reintroduced Lycurgian constitution in 227. Under him, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#sparta">Sparta</A> <BR> again became a military power, a small state with a disciplined professional army. Was <BR> defeated by Macedonian Antigonos III. Doson in Battle of Sellasia 222, fled to Egypt. <BR> Died in 219. <BR> 69-30 B.C., Queen of Egypt since 51, married Julius Caesar (not recognized by Rome), <BR> mother to his son Caesarion. After Caesar's assassination lover of Marc Anthony. After <BR> defeat at Actium at the hands of Octavian, committed suicide. Last of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#ptolemaicegypt">Ptolemaic Dynasty</A>. <BR> 336-283, son of Antigonus I. Monophthalmus. Blamed for having forfeited probable <BR> victory in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#bofipsus">Battle of Ipsus</A> 301 (where his father died) he made his way to Greece and <BR> seized the throne of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#macedonia">Macedonia</A>, founding the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#antigoniddyn">Antigonid dynasty</A>. His byname translates <BR> to the city-besieger. <BR> c.400-c.325 B.C., Greek philosopher (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#cynicism">Cynic</A>), despised affluence and luxury, lived a <BR> simplistic life. <BR> 341-270 B.C., Greek philosopher, founder of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#epicureans">Epicurean</A> school. Emphasized friendship, <BR> peace of mind, spiritual enjoyment; often misinterpreted as propagating decadence. Only <BR> fragments of his teaching survived, mostly in manuscripts of his disciples. <BR> 285-194 B.C., from Cyrene, head of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#greatlibrary">Library of Alexandria</A>, an allround scientist, <BR> much criticized by Strabo. calculated the radius of the earth, drew map of the ancient <BR> world. Major works : <i>Chronologia</i>, <i>On Ancient Comedy</i>, <i>On Geometrical Means</i>, <BR> <i>On the Movement of the Earth</i>, <i>Geographica</i> <BR> 330-275 B.C., lived in Alexandria, taught King Ptolemy ('there is no royal road to <BR> geometry"). His works include <i>Elements</i>, <i>Data</i>, <i>Phaenomena</i> (the first two on geometry, <BR> the last on astronomy) <BR> 270-215 B.C., tyrant of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#syracuse">Syracuse</A>; ascended to throne during 2nd Poenic War. A loyal <BR> ally of Rome; his successor switched to a Cathaginian alliance. Syracuse suffered siege <BR> 215-212 B.C. and then fell to the Romans. <BR> c.150 B.C., lived on <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#rhodes">Rhodes</A>, astronomer, estimated distance from earth to moon, drew an <BR> accurate map of the stars <BR> 355-281 B.C., governor of Thrace at time of Alexander's death. In 302 he invaded Asia <BR> Minor, allied himself with Seleucus I. Nicator and Ptolemy I. Soter against Antigonos I. <BR> Later turned against Seleucus; died in Battle of Corupedium 281. No descendants. His <BR> treasure was held in the fortress at <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#pergamon">Pergamon</A>; his governor of Pergamon, Philotaerus, <BR> used the money to found the Kingdom of Pergamon and the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#attaliddyn">Attalid dynasty</A>. <BR> c.210-275 A.D., lived in western Persia, created <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#mamichaeism">Manichaeism</A>; sent out missionaries. <BR> The Zoroastrian clergy convinced the King of Persia to have him arrested; it is unclear if <BR> he died in prison awaiting execution or was executed. <BR> King of (Hellenistic) <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#bactria">Bactria</A> (the Kabul valley) c.160-c.135 B.C., conquered Gandhara. <BR> Converted to Buddhism; referred to as Milinda in Indian sources. Most of his kingdom <BR> in c.135 was conquered by the Kushan. <BR> 120-63 B.C., King of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#pontus">Pontus</A>; annexed <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#cappadocia">Cappadocia</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#bithynia">Bithynia</A>, got in conflict with Rome, <BR> lost 3 wars against Rome 89-85, 83-81, 73-68. Finally he was pushed out of Pontus and <BR> retreated to the Crimean half of his Kingdom (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#bosporiankgd">Bosporian kgd.</A>).<BR> Epirotan princess; married King Philip II. of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#macedonia">Macedon</A>; mother of Alexander III. the Great. <BR> Estranged wife of Philip II., after his death she often was engaged in intrigue. Killed on <BR> behalf of Cassander in 316 B.C. <BR> lived in the 2nd century A.D., Greek who wrote first travel guide in history. An extensive <BR> description of temples, sculptures, monuments etc. of hellenistic Greece. As many of the <BR> sights are not existing any more, a valuable source of information for art historians. not to <BR> be confused with Spartan king of same name, winner of the Battle of Plataea (479 B.C.). <BR> 213-after 167 B.C., ruled 179-168, last King of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#macedonia">Macedonia</A>. Defeated by the Romans in <BR> Battle of Pydna 167. The Romans annexed Macedonia in 168, took Perseus to Rome as <BR> prisoner. He died in captivity. <BR> 238-179 B.C., King of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#macedonia">Macedonia</A>, of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#antigoniddyn">Antigonid dynasty</A>. Contemplated alliance with <BR> Carthago against Rome; was defeated by the Romans in 197 in Battle of Cynoscaphalae. <BR> 46-120 A.D., Greek author, born Chaironaia (Boeotia). He wrote hundreds of biographies <BR> of famous Greeks and Romans, always in pairs, comparing a Greek and a Roman. A rich <BR> source for historians. Published as a compendium : <i>Lives</i>. <BR> 200-120 B.C., Greek politician and historian. From <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#achaeanleague">Achaia</A>, he came to Rome as a hostage; <BR> Scipio became his patron. His <i>history</i> describes a.o. the first and second Poenic War. <BR> 367-282 B.C., Alexander's general, in 323 he took Alexander's corpse to Memphis, <BR> established himself as satrap, since 305 as king. Moved his capital to <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#alexandria">Alexandria</A>, founded <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#ptolemaicegypt">Ptolemaic Dynasty</A>. <BR> 2nd century A.D., full name Claudius Ptolemaeus, lived in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#alexandria">Alexandria</A>, geographer, <BR> astronomer. Works : <i>Almagest</I>, <i>treatise on the motions of heavenly bodies</i>. <BR> Also produced one of the oldest surviving world maps. <BR> c.360-c.270, philosopher, also called Pyrrho of Elea, founder of the school of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#scepticism">scepticism</A> <BR> 319-272 B.C., King of the Molossans, in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#epirus">Epirus</A>. Invited by the citizens of Taras (Apulia) <BR> to defend them against Rome, he defeated the Romans in 3 battles. Yet he was restless <BR> and aimed at establishing a vast Empire in the west. He campaigned on Sicily, schemed <BR> invading North Africa, was ultimately checked by alliance of enemies. Later campaigned <BR> in Greece, for a while held <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#macedonia">Macedonia</A>, which he lost to Antigonos II. Gonatas in 277. <BR> Died while campaigning. <BR> daughter of a Bactrian nobleman, married Alexander the Great in 327, bore him a son <BR> after his death in 323; was killed, tohether with her son Alexander IV., in 309, at the order <BR> of Cassander. <BR> 358-281 B.C, Alexander's general, satrap of Babylonia, victor (= nicator) at Battle of Ipsos <BR> 301, established <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#seleucidempire">Seleucid Empire</A> (Syria, Mesopotamia, Iran; founded Antioch <BR> (named after his father Antiochus). <BR> 340-320, daughter of Persian Emperor Darius III., also called Barsine, married Alexander <BR> the Great in 324. <BR> 64 B.C.-21 A.D., leading geographer of antiquity; Works : <i>Geographia</i> (17 vol.) <BR> 335-263 B.C., fron Cition on Cyprus, an ancient Phoenician colony. Moved to Athens, <BR> where he taught philosophy, founder of the school of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhellenism.html#stoicism">Stoicism</A>. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> S. Hornblower, A. Spawforth (ed.), <A HREF = "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0198606419/">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</A>, Oford : OUP, 3rd revised edition 2003; <BR> KLMA Lib.Sign. <B>R 938.003 S739o</B> <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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