ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Biographies : High Middle Ages </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlhma.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../../region/banners/banbiography.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Historical Dictionary </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 16th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Biographies : High Middle Ages </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/biographies/wh/biohma.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "abelard">Abelard, Pierre</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "baldwinofflanders">Baldwin of Flanders</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "stbernard">St. Bernard</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Chretien de Troyes <BR> <A NAME = "elcid">El Cid</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "clementv">Pope Clement V.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "stdominic">St. Dominic</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "edwardi">Edward I.</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "eleanorofaquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "stfrancis">St. Francis</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "barbarossa">Frederick I. <BR> Barbarossa</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "frederickii">Frederick II.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "godfreydebouillon">Godfrey de Bouillon</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "gregoryvii">Pope Gregory VII.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "heloise">Heloise</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "henryii">Henry II.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "henryiv">Emperor Henry IV.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "johnlackland">John I. Lackland</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "leoix">Pope Leo IX</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "jacquesdemolay">Molay, Jacques de</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "philipiiaugustus">Philip II. Augustus</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "philipiv">Philip IV. the Fair</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "richardlionheart">Richard Lionheart</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "robertguiscard">Robert Guiscard</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "rudolfvonhabsburg">Rudolf I. <BR> von Habsburg</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "wilhelmtell">Tell, Wilhelm</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "chretiendetroyes">Troyes, Chretien de</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "urbanii">Pope Urban II.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "williamwallace">Wallace, William</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "williamtheconqueror">William <BR> the Conqueror</A> <BR> Wilhelm Tell <BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> born in 1079 in Normandy as the son of a knight; attended the Cathedral School of Paris, <BR> where he became a scholar of philosophy. In 1118 he fell in love with Heloise, but was <BR> manhandled by a rival suitor; Heloise withdrew to a convent and the Abelard-Heloise <BR> correspondence has become part of world literature. Abelard died in 1142; see article <BR> from <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01036b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> born in 1172, succeeded his father as Count Baldwin (Boudewijn, Baudouin) V. of <BR> Flanders in 1191; participated in the 4th Crusade which took Constantinople in 1203. <BR> When Byzantine Emperor Alexius was unable of paying his debt to the crusaders, he <BR> was deposed in 1204, and Baldwin was crowned Emperor (the Latin Empire). In 1205, <BR> while campaigning in Thrace, the crusaders were defeated and Baldwin was taken <BR> prisoner by Bulgarian King John. He died while held prisoner. <BR> see <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Constantinople">Wikipedia Article</A> <BR> born in 1090 in France; became a monk in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#cistercians">Cistercian</A> abbey of Citeaux; founded the <BR> monastery in Clairvaux (Luxemburg). His speeches and letters called on Europe's nobility <BR> to cease fighting each other and join the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#crusades">crusade</A>; he inspired French knights to found <BR> the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#militantorders">militant order</A> of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#knightstemplar">Knights Templar</A>. Died in 1153 <BR> see article from <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02498d.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> see Troyes, Chretien de <BR> born c. 1040, real name Rodrigo de Vivar, a Castilian knight who, banned from <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#castile">Castile</A>, <BR> lead an army of Spanish knights, conquered the hitherto Moorish Kingdom of Valencia <BR> in 1094, in the name of King Alfonso of Castile (by whom he had been banned). Died in <BR> 1099. Minstrel tradition transformed the historical El Cid into a romantic hero, the <BR> personification of the ideals of chivalry. <BR> born in France in 1264; elected Pope in 1305. Abducted by French nobles on behalf of <BR> King Philip IV. in 1307, to Avignon; pressed by King Philip to declare the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#knightstemplar">Knights <BR> Templar</A> heretics; returned to Rome, but in 1309 moved the papal administration to <BR> Avignon, beginning a period Martin Luther later described as the <i>Babylonian Captivity <BR> of the Church</i>. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04020a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> born c.1170 in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#castile">Castile</A> of a noble family; opposed <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#albigensians">Albigensian Heresy</A>, in 1216 <BR> founded the Dominican Order (or Order of the Preachers); died in 1221. Canonized in <BR> 1234. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05106a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> King of England 1272-1307, of the Plantagenet Dynasty, byname Longshanks. Conquered <BR> Wales in 1283; assumed regency over Scotland in 1290, fought the Scottish Rebellion <BR> under William Wallace in 1297-1298. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon30.html">British Monarchs</A> <BR> born c.1122 as heir to the Duchy of Aquitaine; in 1137 she married King Louis VII. of <BR> France. The marriage was annulled in 1152; she married Henry Plantagenet, Duke of <BR> Anjou and Count of Maine; in 1154 both were crowned King and Queen of England. They <BR> had four sons, among them Richard Lionheart and John Lackland. Eleanor was not <BR> content with the role of mother and queen; she schemed, was involved in her sons' <BR> rebellions against their father (since 1173). Eleanor died in 1204. see biography from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.royalty.nu/Europe/England/Angevin/Eleanor.html">Royalty.nu</A> <BR> born c.1181, son of a wealthy merchant; renounced his inheritance and chose a life in <BR> poverty and chastity, found followers, founded the Franciscan Order (1211), also called <BR> the Order of Minorites. Franciscan convents were founded in Europe's cities. He died in <BR> 1226. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06221a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> born in 1122, son of Duke of Swabia, since 1138, of Roman King; elected Roman King in <BR> 1152, crowned Emperor in 1155. Of the Staufer Dynasty. In 1176 he suffered a defeat at <BR> the hands of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#lombardleague">Lombard League</A>. Died on a <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#crusade"> crusade</A> in 1190 en route to Palestine. <BR> see <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor">Wikipedia Article</A> <BR> born in 1194 in Sicily, where he grew up as an orphan. Multilingual - he is said to have <BR> mastered nine languages - he was elected Roman King in 1212, crowned Emperor in 1220. <BR> Combining the titles of Emperor and King of Sicily, he posed a threat to the papacy. <BR> Excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX., he went on a crusade (which is excluded from most <BR> lists, for it was conducted by an excommunicated person); he regained Jerusalem for <BR> christianity and added the title King of Jerusalem to his collection. died in 1250. see <BR> <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor">Wikipedia Article</A> <BR> born in 1058, Duke of Lower Lorraine (Brabant), one of the leaders of the first crusade, in <BR> 1099 crowned King of Jerusalem; died in 1100. <BR> born around 1020 by the name of Hildebrand, served Pope Leo IX. and a series of <BR> succeeding popes; in 1073 was elected pope himself; died in 1085. Promoted the <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#churchrefmov">Church Reform Movement</A>; was declared deposed by a synod of German <BR> bishops (1076), Pope Gregory VII. in return excommunicated Emperor Henry IV., this <BR> marking the climax of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#conflictofinvestitures">Conflict of Investitures</A>. The excommunication <BR> of Henry IV. was lifted when the Emperor put up an act of public repentence at Canossa <BR> in 1077. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06791c.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> born c.1101, of noble family; became a well-educated nun, correspondent of Abelard, <BR> died in 1164 <BR> born in 1033 in Le Mans, Maine; became King of England in 1154 (as the first of the <BR> Plantagenet Dynasty); married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152; father of four sons, among <BR> them Richard Lionheart and John Lackland. Had his associate Thomas Becket elected <BR> Archbishop of Canterbury; a group of nobles in 1170 murdered Becket in his cathedral, <BR> believing to act in line with Henry's wish. Henry's wife and sons were also alienated; she <BR> withdrew from court, the sons repeatedly rebelled against him. <BR> see article from <A HREF = "http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon26.html">British Monarchs</A> <BR> born in 1050, died in 1108, of the Salian Dynasty. elected Roman King 1056 (age 6); the <BR> regency during his youth was contested; he was more of a hostage. Ruled in his own <BR> right since 1065. Entered in a conflict with the reform popes, most notably Gregory VII.; <BR> Henry IV. was excommunicated in 1076, a step which resulted in the election of an <BR> antiking in the Roman Kgd., in the person of Rudolf von Rheinfelden 1077. In that year, <BR> Henry IV. compelled Pope Gregory, by putting up a public display of repentence at <BR> Canossa, to accept him again in the Catholic community. Crowned Emperor in 1084. <BR> Later excommunicated again, the second time the effect was less dramatic. In the <BR> ongoing <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#conflictofinvestitures">Conflict of Investitures</A>, Pope Gregory VII. and his successors <BR> stirred up a noble opposition against the Emperor, which, in his later years, included <BR> Henry IV.'s son and successor, Henry V. <BR> King of England 1199-1216, of the Plantagenet Dynasty, son of Henry II., brother of <BR> Richard Lionheart, during whose absence (1191-1194) he ruled England. Crowned King <BR> in 1199, he encountered noble opposition, with which he came to terms by signing the <BR> Magna Carta in 1215. The minstrel tradition which turned Richard the Lionhearted into a <BR> romantic hero denigrated the reputation of John. The byname 'lackland' originates in the <BR> fact that he alone among 4 brothers did not inherit any territory. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon28.html">British Monarchs</A> <BR> born c.1002 in the Alsace, name Bruno; elected Pope in 1049, took the name of Leo (IX.), <BR> died in 1054. The first pope of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#churchrefmov">Church Reform Movement</A>, condemning simony <BR> and clerical incontinence. In an attempt to enforce clerical discipline, Pope Leo IX. <BR> excommunicated a number of church leaders, among them Michael Caerularius, <BR> Patriarch of Constantinople. This excommunication, delivered by an envoy at a time when <BR> Leo IX. already had died, was not accepted by the christian community of the Byzantine <BR> Empire and caused the formal separation of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches (the <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#greatschism">Great Schism</A>) see article from <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09160c.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> born in 1244 as the son of a nobleman; joined the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#knightstemplar">Knights Templar</A> in 1265, was Grand <BR> Master since 1298. In 1307 accused of heresy, and, after a lengthy trial, executed in <BR> 1314. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10433a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> King of France 1180-1223, of the Capet Dynasty. In conflict with King Henry II. of <BR> England, who held large territories in France. Joined the Third Crusade to Palestine <BR> 1190-1191. From 1209 on, Philip II. Augustus sent annual crusades against the <BR> Albigensians, dubbed heretics by the pope. He contemplated an invasion of England in <BR> 1213, a project that was abandoned. In 1214 France was victorious in the Battle of <BR> Bouvines over the Count of Flanders. Philip II. Augustus strengthened the French <BR> monarchy by confiscating Normandy and defeating the independent-minded Dukes of <BR> Toulouse and Flanders. <BR> King of France 1285-1314, of the Capet Dynasty, born in 1268. Confiscated English fiefs <BR> in France, with the exception of Bordeaux and Guyenne. In 1307 had Pope Clement V. <BR> abducted to Avignon, pressed him to declare the Knights Templar heretics. Then had the <BR> Knights Templar in France arrested, their property confiscated. <BR> born in 1157 as son of King Henry II. of England; participated in rebellions against his <BR> father in 1173-1174 and in 1188-1189; crowned King of England in 1189; went on a <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#crusades">crusade</A> to Palestine in 1190, conquered Cyprus (hitherto Byzantine); concluded <BR> peace treaty with Saladin; on return trip arrested and held for ransom by Duke Leopold <BR> of Austria. Released in 1194 he returned to England and reassumed rule. Died in a fight <BR> in France in 1199. Minstrel tradition turned him into a legendary person; byname Coeur <BR> de Lion - Lionheart. see article from <A HREF = http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon27.html">British Monarchs</A> <BR> born c.1016 in Normandy as the son of a knight, arrived in Apulia in 1046 (County held by <BR> his brother since 1042); Robert Guiscard conquered Sicily and much of southern<BR> Italy, creating what in 1130 was elevated to the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</A>. Robert Guiscard died <BR> in 1085. <BR> born in 1218; a minor German knight until elected Roman King in 1273. He died in <BR> 1291, without being crowned Emperor (still, a number of historical sources refer to him <BR> as Emperor). He declared Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Krain - then held by King of <BR> Bohemia, Przemysl Otakar - as fiefs which had reverted to the crown, and infiefed his <BR> sons with these lands. Przemysl Otakar was defeated in the Battle of the Marchfeld 1278. <BR> The Austrian lands would become the power base for the Habsburg Dynasty. <BR> according to a legend included in Gilg Tschudi's Chronicon Helveticum (1734-1736), in <BR> 1307 Wilhelm Tell refused to bow in front of the Habsburg bailiff's hat, thus expressing <BR> disrespect of Habsburg authority. As the legend continues, Tell, a famous marksmen, was <BR> forced to shoot an apple pleced on his son's head. This he did, and later killed the bailiff in <BR> an ambush, thus beginning the Swiss struggle for independence. see <A HREF = "http://geo.fateback.com/t_story.htm">Wilhelm <BR> Tell Webpage</A> <BR> French minstrel-poet, died c.1185; wrote songs/poems based on Arthurian legends; gave <BR> Arthurian heroes the characteristics of historic persons of his time. <BR> civilian name Odo de Lagery, Pope 1088-1099. Proponent of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#churchrefmov">Church Reform <BR> Movement</A>; an enemy of Emperor Henry IV., whose prisoner he temporarily was (1083); <BR> elected pope, he had to deal with a competitor ('antipope'), Guibert of Ravenna who <BR> claimed to be Pope Clement III. (1080-1100). Pope Urban II. prevailed in the city, which <BR> Clement III. and his supporters were forced to leave. Acting on a call for aid against the <BR> Seljuk Turks by Byzantine Emperor Alexius, Pope Urban II. in 1095 called for a <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdhma.html#crusades">crusade</A> <BR> to liberate the Holy Land. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15210a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> born c.1270, son of a Scottish nobleman; in 1297 he lead a Scottish force to victory over <BR> a superior English force in the Battle at Stirling; in 1298 his army suffered defeat in the <BR> Battle of Falkirk. Wallace failed to find foreign allies for the Scottish cause; in 1305 he was <BR> betrayed and executed. <BR> Our main source on his biography is a ballad written by Blind Harry in the 15th century. <BR> See biography from <A HREF = "http://www.electricscotland.com/history/wallace.htm">Electric Scotland</A> <BR> born in 1027; Duke of Normandy since 1035; in 1066 lead successful Norman invasion of <BR> England; crowned King of E. in 1066, died in 1087. see biography from <A HREF = "http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon22.html">British Monarchs</A> <BR> see under Tell, Wilhelm <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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