ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Biographies : History of Judaism </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tljudaism.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../../region/banners/banbiography.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdjudaism.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Historical Dictionary </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 21st 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Biographies : History of Judaism</B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/biographies/wh/biojudaism.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "baalshemtov">Baal Shem Tov, <BR> Israel</A> <BR> <A NAME = "barkochba">Bar Kochba</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "akiva">ben Joseph, Akiva</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "yochananbenzakkai">ben Zakkai, <BR> Yochanan</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "david">David</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "bdisraeli">Disraeli, Benjamin</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "adreyfus">Dreyfus, Alfred</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "gamalielii">Gamaliel II</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "jagobineau">Gobineau, <BR> Joseph Arthur de</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "halevi">Halevi, Judah</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hheine">Heine, Heinrich</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "herodthegreat">Herod the Great</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "theodorherzl">Herzl, Theodor</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hillelii">Hillel II.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "zjabotinsky">Jabotinsky, Zeev</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "judahmaccabee">Maccabee, Judah</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "maimonides">Maimonides, Moses</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "karlmarx">Marx, Karl</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mattathias">Mattathias</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mmendelssohn">Mendelssohn, Moses</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "moses">Moses</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "jsoppenheimer">Oppenheimer, <BR> Joseph S&uuml;ss</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "soppenheimer">Oppenheimer, Samuel</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "ejrothschild">Rothschild, <BR> Edmond James de</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "marothschild">Rothschild, <BR> Meyer Amschel</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "solomon">Solomon</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "chweizmann">Weizmann, Chaim</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> born c.1700 in Miedzyboz (Poland), died 1760. c.1740 he established <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/jdjudaism.html#hassidism">Hassidism</A>. <BR> see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=18&letter=B">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> Original name Simon bar Kozeva, leader of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/jdjudaism.html#barkochba">Jewish rebellion against Rome</A> <BR> 132-135. Recognized as the Messiah by <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/jdjudaism.html#rabbi">Rabbi</A> Akiva ben Joseph in 132, and <BR> renamed Bar Kochba. He had Rabbi Akiva executed; the rebellion was brutally <BR> suppressed. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=237&letter=B">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> Influential <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/jdjudaism.html#rabbi">rabbi</A>, born c. 50 A.D., intially he regarded rebel leader Bar Kozeva the <BR> Messiah, named him <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/jdjudaism.html#barkochba">Bar Kochba</A>. Then fell out with the latter and was executed <BR> (132 A.D.). see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1033&letter=A">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> Opposed the Jewish Rebellion against Rome in 66-70. In 69, prior to the fall of <BR> Jerusalem, he concluded an agreement with Roman military commander Vespasian <BR> which allowed for the establishment of the Learned Assembly at Yavneh, as a <BR> successor to the still existing <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/jdjudaism.html#sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</A>, which was in rebellion to Rome. At the <BR> Learned Assembly, the tradition of ordaining <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/jdjudaism.html#rabbi">rabbis</A> was introduced. see <BR> article from <A HREF = "http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/ben_zakkai.html">Jewish Virtual Library</A> <BR> Second King of Israel, c.1010-970 B.C. Under him and his son Solomon, the <BR> Kingdom lived through its political climax. He conquered Jerusalem and made <BR> the city his capital. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=82&letter=D">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> born in 1804 as a descendant of a family of Jewish-Italian immigrants; converted <BR> to Anglican protestantism in 1817; novelist and politician; elected into parliament <BR> in 1837; pm 1868, 1874-1880. Advocated equal rights for the Jews. see article <BR> from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=388&letter=D">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> French officer, Jew from the Alsace. In 1894 sentenced of treason for an act he did <BR> not commit; in 1899, following a campaign by Emile Zola (J'Accuse), his conviction <BR> was cancelled and his honour restored (Dreyfus Affair). see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=482&letter=D">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> Successor to Yochanan ben Zakkai as head of the Learned Assembly at Yavneh, <BR> which he presided in the last two decades of the first and in the early years of the <BR> second century A.D. Some time between 90 and 100 A.D. he excluded sectarians <BR> - which included christians - from the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/jdjudaism.html#synagogues">synagogues</A>. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=52&letter=G">Jewish <BR> Encyclopedia</A>. <BR> French Count, diplomat, 'philosopher'. Published <i>Essai sur l inegalite des races <BR> humaines</i> (1853-1855), in which he established the theory of the 'superiority of <BR> the Nordic Race' and the 'inferiority of the Jewish race'. This theory later was taken <BR> up (without quoting Gobineau, since he was French) by the Nazis. Lived from 1816 <BR> to 1882. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau">Wikipedia</A> <BR> Jewish poet, 1086-1145, lived in Toledo (Muslimic Spain). His poetry deals with <BR> Jewish religious life and is, in a medieval way, nationalistic. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/Halevi.html">Jewish Virtual Library</A> <BR> German poet, born in 1797 in D&uuml;sseldorf, into a Jewish family; studied in Bonn <BR> from 1819, converted to Lutheranism in 1825. Began writing poetry in 1822; became <BR> a fervent German patriot and liberal. Moved to Paris, France in 1831, where he died <BR> in 1856. wrote the "Lorelei" and "wir weben". see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=538&letter=H">Jewish <BR> Encyclopedia</A> <BR> King of Judaea between 37 and 4 B.C., founder of the Herodian Dynasty, born c. 73 <BR> B.C., pro-Roman; opponent of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/jdjudaism.html#sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</A>; restored the Temple. Hellenist. <BR> see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=630&letter=H">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> born in 1860 in Budapest, Hungary. As a journalist for the "Neue Freie Presse", a <BR> Vienna newspaper, he covered the Dreyfus trial in 1894. In 1896 he published <BR> "Der Judenstaat" (the Jewish State); in 1897 he presided the First Zionist Congress. <BR> regarded the father of Zionism. died in 1904. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=672&letter=H">Jewish <BR> Encyclopedia</A> <BR> Jewish patriarch, between 330 and 365 A.D.; established a permanent calendar no <BR> longer depending on decisions of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/jdjudaism.html#sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</A> (which, in times of persecution, <BR> meant uncertainty about feast days to be observed). see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=731&letter=H">Jewish <BR> Encyclopedia</A> <BR> born as Vladimir Jabotinsky in Odessa (Russian Empire) in 1880; left Russia to <BR> study in Italy, Switzerland in 1898; became fervent Zionist, emigrated to Palestine; <BR> founder-leader of the Haganah. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/jabotinsky.html">Jewish Virtual Library</A> <BR> leader of the Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire since 166, son of <BR> Mattathias. Died in 160 B.C. Maccabaean; see article from <A HREF = "http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/maccabee_judah.html">Jewish Virtual <BR> Library</A> <BR> Jewish rabbi and scholar, lived in Muslimic Spain 1135-1204. Compiled the Mishneh <BR> Torah (a code of Jewish Law); wrote on philosophy and medicine. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/Maimonides.html">Jewish Virtual Library</A> <BR> born in Trier (Prussian Rhine Province) in 1818 into a Jewish family which then <BR> converted to Lutheranism. Marx studied in Bonn 1833, in Berlin from 1834. Published <BR> the <i>Neue Rheinische Zeitung</i> 1842-1843, which was shut down by the <BR> Prussian authorities. Marx went into exile (Paris, later London), where, together <BR> with Friedrich Engels, in 1848 he published <i>Das Kommunistische Manifest</i>. <BR> He also wrote <i>Das Kapital</i> (1867-1895); Marx died in 1883. Founder of <BR> communism. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx">Wikipedia</A> <BR> leader of the Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire. Died early in that revolt <BR> (166 B.C.); founder of the Hasmonean Dynasty; leader of the Maccabees. see article <BR> from <A HREF = "http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/mattathias.html">Jewish Virtual Library</A> <BR> born in Anhalt-Dessau (Germany) in 1729, died in 1786. received a traditional rabbinic <BR> education. Regarded the father of Jewish Enlightenment; numerous publications. <BR> see article from <A HREF = "http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/Mendelssohn.html">Jewish Virtual Library</A> <BR> Jewish leader and lawgiver, c.1300 B.C. Lead them out of Egypt (exodus); the <BR> biblical Ten Commandments are also refered to as <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/jdjudaism.html#mosaiclaw">Mosaic Law</A>. By some, he is <BR> regarded the founder of Jewish religion, which has also be addressed as Mosaic <BR> religion. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/moses.html">Jewish Virtual Library</A> <BR> born in 1698 in Heidelberg. He became the court financier of Duke Karl Alexander <BR> of W&uuml;rttemberg, whom he helped to rule independent of the Estates. Upon <BR> the death of Duke Karl Alexander, Joseph Oppenheimer was arrested, tried and <BR> executed in one of the most blatant cases of judicial murder in German history <BR> (1738). see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=103&letter=O">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> born in Heidelberg in 1635; Imperial court factor; financed Austria's war on the <BR> Turks 1683-1699 and Austria's side of the War of the Grand Coalition 1689-1697. <BR> His house in Vienna was plundered in 1700. When he died in 1703, he was <BR> virtually broke, do to massive sums owed to him by the Emperor. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=104&letter=O">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> Born in 1845, member of the Rothschild banking family; did not enter the banking <BR> business himself, but was a patron of the arts and a strong supporter of the <BR> Zionist movement, his donations permitting many poor Russian Jews to emigrate <BR> and settle in Palestine. Died in 1936. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/rothschild.html">Jewish Virtual Library</A> <BR> Jew from the Frankfurt Ghetto, 1743-1812. Spoke Yiddish, stuck to the traditional <BR> dress code even when this was no longer enforced. Founder of the Rothschild <BR> banking dynasty; his sons received refined education and founded branches of the <BR> bank in Paris, London, Naples and Vienna. <BR> Third King of Israel, ruled c.970-931 B.C., of legendary wisdom. Constructed the <BR> Temple. The heavy burden placed on his people is the cause for the split of the <BR> kingdom in two (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/jdjudaism.html#israel">Israel</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/jdjudaism.html#judah">Judah</A>) after his death. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/Solomon.html">Jewish <BR> Virtual Library</A> <BR> born in 1874 in Russia; studied in Switzerland and Germany; became a Zionist; <BR> moved to England in 1905. He was instrumental in the issuance of the Balfour <BR> Declaration of 1917. In 1918, Weizmann was appointed head of the Zionist Commission <BR> sent to Palestine by the British government; founded the Hebrew University in <BR> Jerusalem in 1925. Weizmann promoted the partition plan in 1947. Elected first <BR> president of Israel in 1948, died in 1952. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/weizmann.html">Jewish Virtual Library <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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