ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Biographies : History of North Africa</title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlnafrica.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../../region/banners/banbiography.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Historical Dictionary </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on July 14th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Biographies : History of North Africa </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/biographies/wh/bionafrica.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "abdalkadir">Abd al Kadir</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "staugustine">St. Augustine</A> <BR> <A NAME = "benbella">Ben Bella, Ahmed</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "boumedienne">Boumedienne, Houari</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "bourguiba">Bourguiba, Habib</A> <BR> <A NAME = "farouk">Farouk</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "gaddafi">al Gaddafi, Muammar</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "geiseric">Geiseric</A> <BR> <A NAME = "gordon">Gordon, Charles G.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "alhakim">Al Hakim</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hannibal">Hannibal</A> <BR> <A NAME = "ibnbattuta">Ibn Battuta</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "ibrahimpasha">Ibrahim Pasha</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "ismailpasha">Ismail Pasha</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "khaireddin">Khaireddin</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "lesseps">Lesseps, Ferdinand de</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "mahdi">Mahdi, the</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mehmetali">Mehmet Ali</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "monty">Montgomery, <BR> Bernard Law</A> <BR> <A NAME = "nasser">Nasser, Gamal Abdel</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "rommel">Rommel, Erwin</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "sadat">as Sadat, Anwar</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "saladin">Saladin</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "tariq">Tariq</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> born in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#algeria">Algeria</A> in 1808, died in 1883. He lead Algerian resistance against French coloniza- <BR> tion 1832-1847. In 1847, denied entry into <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#morocco">Morocco</A>, he surrendered. Until 1852 held in <BR> France, he moved back to Algeria and in 1855 to Damascus. A noble character. <BR> click <A HREF = "bioechr.html#staugustine">here</A> <BR> born in 1916, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#algeria">Algerian</A> independence activist, spent the years 1956-1962 n a French jail. <BR> Algerian president 1962-1965, deposed by coup d'etat. Exiled in 1980, returned in 1990. <BR> born in 1932, Algerian independence activist, toppled president Ben Bella in a coup d'etat <BR> in 1965, president of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#algeria">Algeria</A> 1965-1978. Died in office in 1978. <BR> born in 1903, president of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#tunisia">Tunisia</A> 1957-1987. Died in 2000. <BR> also spelled Faruq, born in 1920, King of Egypt 1936-1952, when he was forced to abdicate <BR> by Gamal Abdel Nasser. Obese, a game addict. Died in 1965. <BR> born in 1942, career army officer who in 1969 lead a coup d'etat and is Libyan head of state <BR> ever since. Erratic, he sponsored terrorism as well as rebellions in Chad and elsewhere. <BR> Since 1999 he is committed to end <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#libya">Libya</A>'s diplomatic isolation. <BR> click <A HREF = "biobarbaric.html#Geiseric">here</A> <BR> born in 1833, British career officer, served in the Second Opium War (1856-1860), then <BR> entered the service of the Tsungli Yamen, commanded the "Ever Victorious Army". <BR> Entered into the service of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#khedive">Khedive</A> of Egypt in 1874, was governor of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sudan">Sudan</A> <BR> 1877 ff., ended his service in Egypt in 1880, was sent by the British govt. to deal with the <BR> crisis caused by the Mahdi in 1884, returned as governor to the Sudan (Khartoum), <BR> which he defended. Was killed when Khartoum was taken by Mahdi forces in 1885. <BR> Al Hakim bi Amr Allah, Fatimid Caliph of Egypt 996-1021. He ordered the persecution of <BR> Christians and Jews, had the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem destroyed. <BR> Revered by the Druzes as a God (as having been deified). <BR> click <A HREF = "bioromanrep.html#hannibal">here</A> <BR> born in 1304 in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#morocco">Morocco</A>, traveller who 1325-1349 practically visited the entire Islamic <BR> world. His travelogues are an important historical source. Died in 1377. <BR> born in 1789, Ottoman career officer, served Mehmet Ali, the governor of Egypt. In 1831- <BR> 1832 he conquered Syria for Mehmet Ali. Had to evacuate Syria in 1841, died in 1848. <BR> son of Ibrahim Pasha, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#khedive">Khedive</A> of Egypt 1863-1879; during his reign, the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#suezcanal">Suez Canal</A> was <BR> opened; Egypt pursued an expansive policy (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sudan">Sudan</A>, Ethiopia, Somali Coast). This <BR> policy was partially successful (not in Ethiopia), but too costly; after his deposition in <BR> 1879, Egypt was broke. He died in 1895. <BR> born a Greek christian, on the island of Lesbos, in the 1470es. Became a sailor, converted <BR> to Islam, became a pirate; succeeded his brother Arouj as Bey of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#algiers">Algiers</A> in 1518 (thus as <BR> an Ottoman vassall), expelled the Spanish from Penon de Algiers in 1529. In 1533 <BR> appointed Ottoman admiral, defeated an Imperial-Spanish fleet at Preveza in 1538, <BR> died in 1546. In christian sources called Barbarossa. <BR> born in 1805, French nobleman and entrepreneur, constructed the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#suezcanal">Suez Canal</A> 1859-1869, attempted to construct the Panama Canal in 1880. Died in 1894. <BR> Muhammad Ahmad ibn as Sayyid Abdallah, born in 1844 in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sudan">Sudan</A>, declared the Jihad <BR> in 1881. In 1885, after one year of siege, he took Khartoum; governor Charles G. Gordon <BR> was killed in action. Muhmmad Ahmad died soon after; the state he had established, the <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#mahdiyya">Mahdiyya</A>, lasted until 1898. <BR> or Muhammad Ali, born in 1769, Albanian, appointed governor of Egypt in 1805, in 1821 <BR> conquered the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sudan">Sudan</A> (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#funj">Funj</A>), in 1824 dealt a severe blow to the Greek rebels. His son <BR> Ibrahim Pasha conquered Syria in 1831-1832. Mehmet Ali introduced a number of <BR> reforms, improved the infrastructure promoted the cultivation of cotton. Deposed in 1848, <BR> died in 1849. <BR> born in 1887, British career officer, victorious over combined German and Italian forces <BR> in the Battle of el Alamein in Nov. 1942. Died in 1976. <BR> born in 1918, Egyptian career officer, lead a coup d'etat in which he forced king Farouk <BR> to abdicate. In 1954 he arrested the head of state and assumed the presidency. In 1956 <BR> he nationalized the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#suezcanal">Suez Canal</A>, provoking the Suez Canal Crisis. In 1958 he had Egypt <BR> join Syria in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#uar">U.A.R.</A> (which was dissolved in 1961). In 1967 Egypt (under Nasser) <BR> suffered a humiliating defeat in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sixdayswar">Six Days War</A>; Israel occupied the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sinai">Sinai</A> peninsula. <BR> Died in 1970. <BR> born in 1891, German career officer, commander of the Afrika Corps which in 1941 <BR> stopped the British invasion of Italian <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#libya">Libya</A> and pushed them back into Egypt. <BR> Respected by his soldiers as well as by his enemy; after the fall of Africa 1943 posted <BR> in France, charged with stopping the expected invasion. Knew of the conspiracy <BR> which on July 20th 1944 tried to assassinate Hitler and topple the Nazi administration; <BR> was compelled to commit suicide (1944). <BR> born in 1918 in Egypt, career officer, patriot, politician serving in Nasser administration; <BR> succeeded Nasser as president of Egypt in 1970, ordered the invasion of Israeli-held <BR> territory in 1973, beginning the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#yomkippurwar">Yom Kippur War</A>; initiated negotiations with Israel which <BR> resulted in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#campdavuidaccords">Camp David Accords</A> 1978 and the peace signed with Israel 1979. <BR> Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1978. The treaty resulted in a gradual pullout of Israel <BR> from the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sinai">Sinai</A>, which was returned to Egypt. The treaty also resulted in the diplomatic <BR> isolation of Egypt within the Arab world. Assassinated in 1981. <BR> Salah Ad-din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, born 1137, governor of Egypt since 1171, Sultan of Egypt <BR> since 1174, fought the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem. Saladin conquered Damascus in <BR> 1174, defeated the crusaders in the Battle of Hattin in 1187 (regained Jerusalem), was <BR> defeated by Richard Lionheart in the Battle of Acre 1191, died in 1193. Historical accounts <BR> describe Saladin as a model of chivalry; founder of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#ayyubiddyn">Ayyubid Dynasty</A>. <BR> Tariq ibn Ziyad, Berber Muslim general, landed an Islamic force in Spain in 711, defeated <BR> Visigothic King Roderic in battle and in effect conquered the country. Acted on his own <BR> initiative, overstepping his authority. Was appointed governor of Spain; died in 1920. <BR> Gibraltar is named after him (Jabal at Tariq). <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> Lists of Statesmen from <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Egypt.html">Egypt</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Sudan.html">Sudan</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Libya.htm">Libya</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Tunisia.html">Tunisia</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Algeria.html">Algeria</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Morocco.htm">Morocco</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mauritania.htm">Mauritania</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Western_Sahara.html">Western Sahara</A> posted by World Statesmen (Ben Cahoon) </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? "/" + file : file; referer = (document.referrer) ? document.referrer : ""; document.write("<script type=\"text/javascript\" "); document.write("src=\"" + path_to_counterfile + "?chCounter_mode=js&status=" + cstatus + "&visible=" + visible); document.write("&seite=" + file + "&referer=" + referer + "&res_width=" + screen.width + "&res_height=" + screen.height + "\"></" + "script>"); //--> </script> <!-- End of CH Counter --> <BR> </body> </html>