ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Biographies : History of the Near East</title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004 --> </head> <body bgcolor="grey" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlneareast.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../../region/banners/banbiography.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdneareast.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Historical Dictionary </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on July 18th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Biographies : History of the Near East </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/biographies/wh/bioneareast.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "alabbas">al Abbas</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "alwahhab">ibn Abd al-Wahhab, <BR> Muhammad</A> <BR> <A NAME = "abdulhamidii">Abdulhamid II</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "abdulmecid">Abdulmecid</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "michelaflak">Aflak, Michel</A> <BR> <A NAME = "alipasha">Ali Pasha</A> <BR> <A NAME = "arafat">Arafat, Yasser</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "alparslan">Arslan, Alp</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hafezelassad">Assad, Hafez el</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "ataturk">Ataturk</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "albakr">al-Bakr, <BR> Ahmad Hassan</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "baybars">Baybars</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "bayezidi">Bayezid I</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "begin">Begin, Menachem</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "faysali">Faysal I.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "fuadpasha">Fuad Pasha</A> <BR> <A NAME = "davidbengurion">ben Gurion, David</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "harunarrashid">Harun ar-Rashid</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "husayn">Husayn</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "husseini">Hussein ibn Talal</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "saddamhussein">Hussein, Saddam</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Kemal, Mustapha <BR> <A NAME = "ahmadkoprulu">Kopr&uuml;l&uuml;, Ahmad</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "lawrenceofarabia">Lawrence, T.E.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mansur">Mansur</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mehmedii">Mehmed II.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "goldameir">Meir, Golda</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mustasim">Mustasim</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "karamustapha">Mustapha, Kara</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "orhan">Orhan</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "yitzhakrabin">Rabin, Yitzhak</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "reshidpasha">Reshid Pasha</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mubarakassabah">as Sabah, Mubarak <BR> al-Lahab ibn Sabah</A> <BR> <A NAME = "hasanisabbah">Sabbah, Hasan-i</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "ibnsaud">Ibn Saud</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "suleimanthemagnificent">Suleiman <BR> the Magnificent</A> <BR> <A NME = "saidibnsultan">ibn Sultan, Sa'id II</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "talaat">Talaat, Mehmed</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "yamani">Yamani, Ahmed Zoki</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "zangi">Zangi, Imad ad-Din</A> <BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> Abu al-'Abbas Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Saffah, 721-754. In 743 he lead a <BR> rebellion against Umayyad rule in Khorasan; enjoying the support of the dis- <BR> affected Shi'ite cmmunity, by 750 he had defeated the Umayyad Dynasty and <BR> assumd the titl of Caliph himself, founding the Abbasid Dynasty. <BR> 1703-1792, founder of the fundamentalist Wahhabi movement <BR><BR> 1842-1918, Ottoman Sultan 1876-1909, discontinued the Tanzimat reform policy, <BR> lost 1878 war against Russia. Was forced to resign by Young Turks in 1909. <BR> 1823-1861, Ottoman Sultan 1839-1861. Under him the early Tanzimat reforms <BR> were implemented. During his rule, the Crimean War was fought. <BR> 1910-1989, political theorist, co-founder of the Syrian Baath Party (1943). <BR> 1815-1876, Ottoman diplomat and politician, protagonist of the Tanzimat policy <BR> born in 1929, since 1969 chairman of the PLO, for decades the best known <BR> spokesman of the Palestinian people, blamed for numerous terrorist acts. <BR> Awarded the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize. <BR> real name Muhammad ben Daud, 1029-1072, ruler of the Seljuks in Khorasan <BR> since 1059, ruler of Baghdad since 1063. In 1071 he decisively defeated the <BR> Byzantinians in the Battle of Mantzikert opening up Anatolia to Seljuk settlement. <BR> 1930-2000, president-dictator of Syria 1971-2000, leader of the Syrian Baath <BR> Party, lead his country into the Yom Kippur War 1973. Handed over the presi- <BR> dency to his son Basher in 2000. <BR> "father of the Turks", real name Mustapha Kemal. Born in Saloniki in 1881, when <BR> the city still was Ottoman; career officer in the Ottoman army. In 1918-1923 he <BR> organized the Turkish state and army, defeated Greek and French invaders, <BR> gained international recognition of the Republic of Turkey in the Treaty of <BR> Lausanne. As president, he implemented reforms, separated religion and state, <BR> introduced the Latin alphabet, emancipated the women, modernized the army. <BR> Died in 1938. <BR> 1914-1982, Baath Party Iraqi politician, orchestrated the 1963 coup that brought <BR> the Baath Party into power; assumed the presidency in 1967 after another <BR> coup. Invested much of the Iraqi oil revenue in arms purchases. Retired in <BR> 1979, age 65; was succeeded by Saddam Hussein. <BR> al-Malik al-Zahir Ruk al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari, also spelled Baibars, <BR> 1223-1277, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria 1260-1277. As military comman- <BR> der he defeated the Seventh Crusade 1249-1250, defeated the Mongols in the <BR> Battle of Ain Jalut 1260, took crusader fortress Antioch in 1268, raided christian <BR> kingdom of Dongola (Sudan) in 1276. <BR> also spelled Beyazid, c.1354-1403, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1389-1402. <BR> Laid siege to Constantinople in 1391-1398, but failed to take it; defeated <BR> crusade sent against him at Nicopolis 1396. In the Battle of Ankara 1402, the <BR> Ottoman forces were defeated by Timur Lenk, and Bayezid himself was taken <BR> prisoner. Died in captivity. <BR> born in 1913, leader of the Irgun in 1947-1948 leader of the Irgun, responsible <BR> for acts of terrorism. Then politician, as headb of the Likud Party appointed PM <BR> of Israel in 1977, negotiated peace treaty with Egypt (1979), awarded Nobel <BR> Peace Prize in 1979. Ordered the invasion of Lebanon in 1982; retired in 1983. <BR> Died in 1992. <BR> also spelled Faisal, son of Husayn, Sherif of Mecca, Emir (since 1916 King) <BR> of Hejaz. In World War I, the Arab army under Faysal and T.E. Lawrence <BR> liberated Damascus in 1918; Faysal was King of (Greater) Syria until ousted <BR> from Damascus by the French in 1920. The British installed him as King of Iraq <BR> instead. Started the Hashemite Dynasty in Iraq. Died in 1933. <BR> 19th century Ottoman politician, protagonist of the Tanzimat reform policy. <BR> 1886-1973, born as David Gruen in Russian Poland; emigrated to Palestine in <BR> 1906, PM of Israel 1948-1953, 1955-1963; in office during the first Arab-Israeli <BR> War in 1948. <BR> c.763-809, Abbasid Caliph since 786, resided in Baghdad. Invaded the Byzan- <BR> tine Empire; Empress Irene agreed to pay him tribute. Underheld diplomatic <BR> relations with Charlemagne and with Tang China. Caliph mentiond in the <BR> Arabian Nights. <BR> also spelled Hussein ibn Ali, head of the Hashemite clan, born in 1853, Sherif <BR> and Emir of Mecca 1908-1916, King of the Hejaz 1916-1924, when he had to flee <BR> to Transjordan, where he died in 1931. Father of King Faysal I. of Iraq (since <BR> 1921) and of King Abdallah I. of Jordan (since 1922). Husayn in 1916 had en- <BR> tered into an alliance with the British, directed against the Ottoman Empire. <BR> born in 1935, died in 1999. King of Jordan 1952-1999, on the throne during the <BR> Six Days War (1967) when Jordan lost the West Bank, during the Black Sep- <BR> tember (1970). A voice of moderation; in 1988 he recognized Israel's right to <BR> exist and renounced Jordan's claim over the West Bank. <BR> born in 1937 in Tikrit (Iraq), joined the Baath Party, served in the government <BR> of Abu Bakr (since 1968) whom he succeeded as president in 1979. Turned <BR> his presidency into a dictatorship; invaded Iran in 1980 (First Gulf War 1980- <BR> 1988), Kuwait in 1990 (Second Gulf War 1990-1991), lost both wars. Until 1980 <BR> Iraq had been a comparatively wealthy country; Saddam's ambitious policy <BR> turned it into a diplomatically isolated, impoverished country. Ruthless in his <BR> treatment of political opposition and perceived political opposition; responsible <BR> for mass graves, for genocide among the Shi'ite Arabs and among the Iraqi <BR> Kurds (Halabja 1988, where poison gas was used). Deposed in the Third <BR> Gulf War 2003, captured after a few months of hiding. <BR> see under Ataturk <BR> Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire 1661-1672. Of Albanian descent. In office <BR> during the Habsburg-Ottoman War 1663-1664, the Ottoman conquest of Crete <BR> 1669, the Ottoman-Polish War 1672, which resulted in the gain of Podolia. <BR> Served under Sultan Suleiman II. <BR> born in 1888, Oxford-educated, spoke Arabic. During WW I sent to the Hejaz <BR> to report on the Arab Revolt. Exceeding his orders, he devised the plan for an <BR> Arab mobile force to take Aqaba in 1917. Known as "Lawrence of Arabia", he <BR> liberated Damascus in 1918 and served the Hejazi delegation at the Paris <BR> Peace Conference 1919-1920. Wrote autobiography "Seven Pillars of Wisdom". <BR> Died in a motorcycle accident in 1935. <BR> Abu Jafar Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al Mansur, born in 712, brother and suc- <BR> cessor of Caliph al-Abbas, the founder of the Abbasid Dynasty. Al Mansur <BR> ruld from 754 to 775; in 762 he founded Baghdad. <BR> in Arab Muhammad II, Ottoman Sultan 1451-1481, born in 1432, conquered <BR> Constantinople in 1453, hence known as Mehmed the Conqueror. During his <BR> rule, Trebizond and Bosnia submitted to Ottoman rule; Ottoman forces tempo- <BR> rarily held Otranto (Apulia). <BR> born as Golda Mabovitz in 1898 in Kiev, emigrated to the U.S. in 1906, to Pales- <BR> tine in 1921, adopted the name Meir. Labour activist, politician since 1949, PM <BR> of Israel 1969-1974. During her term in office, the Yom Kippur War was fought. <BR> last Abbasid Caliph 1242-1258, residing in Baghdad. Rejected Hulagu Khan's <BR> demand to submit; was among the c. 800,000 inhabitants killed during the <BR> Mongol sack of Baghdad. Also spelled al-Musta'sim. <BR> commander of the Ottoman forces which laid siege to Vienna in 1683; <BR> strangled soon after the defeat in the Battle of Kahlenberg. <BR> Bey of the Ottoman Turks 1326-1359, conquered territory in Eastern Anatolia, <BR> aided John VI Cantacuzenus in gaining the Byzantinian throne; during his <BR> rule the Ottomans established a bridgehead in Europe (Gallipoli). Also spelled <BR> Orkhan. <BR> born in 1922 in Jerusalem, career military officer, then diplomat, then politician <BR> (Labour Party), Israeli PM 1974-1977, 1992-1995 when he was assassinated. <BR> Protagonist of a negotiated peace deal with the Palestinians. <BR> Mustafa Reshid Pasha, born in 1800, Ottoman diplomat in the 1830es who <BR> then became the driving force behind the policy of Tanzimat Reforms. Nego- <BR> tiated the peace following the Crimean War for the Ottoman Empire. Died in <BR> 1858. <BR> born in 1837, Emir of Kuwait 1896-1915, placed his country under British pro- <BR> tection in 1897. <BR> a Shi'ite originating from Yemen, as head of the assassins (Hashshashin) in <BR> 1090 he occupied the mountain fortress of Alamut (Iran), which became the <BR> center were politically motivatd assassinations were planned and money <BR> was extorted. <BR> born in 1880 in Riyadh, from where his family was exiled in 1890. Conquered <BR> Riyadh in 1902, from then ruler of Najd. Annexed Asir in 1923, conquered the <BR> Hejaz in 1924, merged Hejaz and Najd in 1932 to form the Kingdom of Saudi <BR> Arabia <BR> click <A HREF = "bioeeurope.html#suleimanthemagnificent">here</A> <BR><BR> born in 1790, Hami (ruler) of Oman 1804-1856, of Zanzibar 1806-1856; moved <BR> his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar in 1841. After his death, Oman and Zanzi- <BR> bar were split into separate entities. <BR> or Talaat Pasha, leading figure among the Young Turks, born in 1874, Grand <BR> Vizier of the Ottoman Empire 1913-1918, blamed for the Armenian Genocide. <BR> Went into exile to Germany in 1918, where he was assassinated by an Arme- <BR> nian in 1921. <BR> born in 1930, Saudi Arabian oil minister, represented his country as a founding <BR> member of OPEC in 1960, an influential figure in bringing about the oil crisis of <BR> 1973, the Gulf Cooperation Council in 1981. A voice of moderation. <BR> Seljuk ruler of Mosul 1127-1146, conquered Edessa in 1144 and put pressure <BR> on Antioch. Founder of the Zangid or Zengid Dynasty in Mosul (until 1262). <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> Lists of Statesmen from <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Iraq.htm">Iraq</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Kuwait.htm">Kuwait</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Syria.html">Syria</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Lebanon.htm">Lebanon</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Israel.htm">Israel</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Palestinian_National_Authority.htm">Palestinian National Authority</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Jordan.htm">Jordan</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Saudi_Arabia.htm">Saudi Arabia</A> <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Yemen.html">Yemen</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Oman.html">Oman</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/United_Arab_Emirates.html">UAE</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Qatar.htm">Qatar</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Bahrain.html">Bahrain</A>, posted by World Statesmen (Ben Cahoon) </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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