ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Biographies : History of South America </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlsamerica.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../../region/banners/banbiography.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Historical Dictionary </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 28th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Biographies : History of South America </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/biographies/wh/biosamerica.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "alfonsin">Alfonsin, Raul</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "allende">Allende, Salvador</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "atahuallpa">Atahuallpa</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "batlleyordonez">Batlle y Ordonez, <BR> Jose</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "benalcazar">Benalcazar, <BR> Sebastian de</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "bolivar">Bolivar, Simon</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cabral">Cabral, Pedro Alvares</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "eichmann">Eichmann, Adolf</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "fangio">Fangio, Juan Manuel</A> <BR> <A NAME = "federmann">Federmann, Nikolaus</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "francia">Francia, <BR> Jose Gaspar <BR> Rodriguez de</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "fujimori">Fujimori, Alberto</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cheguevara">Guevara, Ernesto Che</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "gutierrez">Gutierrez, Gustavo</A> <BR> <A NAME = "guzman">Guzman, Abimael</A> <BR> <A NAME = "irala">Irala, <BR> Domingo Martinez de</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "kubitschek">Kubitschek, Juscelino</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "sanmartin">San Martin, Jose de</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mancocapac">Manco Capac</A> <BR> <A NAME = "menem">Menem, Carlos</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "mitre">Mitre, Bartolome</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "pele">Pele</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "evitaperon">Peron, Eva</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "juanperon">Peron, Juan</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "pinochet">Pinochet, Augusto</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "pizarro">Pizarro, Francisco</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "rosas">Rosas, <BR> Juan Manuel de</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "quesada">Quesada, <BR> Gonzalo Jimenez de</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "stroessner">Str&ouml;ssner, Alfredo</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "tupacamarui">Tupac Amaru (I)</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "tupacamaruii">Tupac Amaru (II)</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "vargas">Vargas, Getulio</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "vespucci">Vespucci, Amerigo</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> born in 1927; Argentinian president 1983-1989; first democratically elected preseident after <BR> the demise of the military junta which had ruled <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#argentina">Argentina</A> from 1975 to 1983 and had <BR> caused the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#falklandwar">Falkland War</A> debacle. As part of the agreements which had led to the transfer <BR> to a democratic government, he pardonned numerous persons accused of having committed <BR> crimes against the people during Argentina's <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#dirtywar">Dirty War</A>. During his administration, <BR> Argentina suffered from high inflation. <BR> full bame Salvador Allende Gossens, born in 1908, as member of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#chile">Chile</A>'s Socialist Party <BR> elected President in 1970; headed a coalition of left-wing parties. In 1973 ousted in a <BR> coup d'etat by the Chilean military (supported by the CIA), and assassinated at his desk. <BR> last <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#incaempire">Inca</A>; born c. 1502; in 1532 he ousted his brother Huascar. In 1533 he was taken <BR> hostage, and later executed, by Francisco Pizarro. <BR> born in 1856, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#colorado">Colorado</A> politician, President of Uruguay 1903-1907, 1911-1915. Turned <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#uruguay">Uruguay</A> into Latin America's first welfare state; introduced a new constitution based on <BR> the Swiss model. <BR> born in 1495 in Cordoba; Conquistador, together with Nikolaus Federmann and Gonzalo <BR> Jimenez de Quesada, conqueror of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#colombia">Colombia</A> / the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#chibchaciv">Chibcha Civilization</A> there. died in <BR> 1551. <BR> born in 1783 in Caracas; a <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#criollo">criollo</A> who fought for the independence of continental Spanish <BR> America from Spain. In 1813 he was proclaimed <i>El Libertador</i>; in 1816-1819 <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#venezuela">Venezuela</A> and <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#colombia">Colombia</A> were liberated; in 1819 Bolivar created the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#grandcolombia">Republic of Grand <BR> Colombia</A>, and became the first president. In 1822 he led an army across the Andes into <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#peru">Peru</A>, where the Spanish were decisively defeated in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#battleofayacucho">Battle of Ayacucho</A> in 1824. The <BR> Spanish were expelled from the South American continent in 1826; in 1825, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#altoperu">Alto Peru</A> <BR> had been renamed into <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#bolivia">Bolivia</A>, in honour of <i>El Libertador</i>. Bolivar resigned as <BR> president of Grand Colombia in 1828. In 1830, impoverished and disillusioned, he died <BR> in Lima. <BR> born c.1467 in Portugal; navigator; commander of an expedition, which, en route to India, <BR> in 1500 by accident (storm) discovered <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#brazil">Brazil</A>, which they found out to be within the <BR> zone allocated to Portugal by the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#treatyoftordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</A>. The discovery was of no <BR> immediate consequence, as Cabral saw little value in the new discovery. died in 1526 <BR> (or 1518 or 1520). <BR> born in 1906 in Germany; member of the NSDAP and SS; clerk who at the Wannsee <BR> Conference was charged with organizing the "final solution of the Jewish question". After <BR> WW II he was taken prisoner by the Americans, escaped; lived in hiding; moved to <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#argentina">Argentina</A> in 1950, where he lived under his original name. Abducted to Israel by the <BR> Mossad in 1960, tried in Israel 1961-1962, executed. <BR> born in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#argentina">Argentina</A> in 1911, race car driver, world champion 1951, 1954-1957. <BR> born in 1501, sent to South America in 1530 by the Welser brothers, bankers from <BR> Augsburg; the only German conquistador. Federmann, de Quesada and Benalcazar <BR> competed for the conquest of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#colombia">Colombia</A>. Federmann died in 1542. <BR> born in 1766; <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#paraguay">Paraguay</A> declared independence in 1811, Francia became dictator in 1814, <BR> dictator for life in 1820. He ruled with a hard hand, forced criollos to marry Amerindians, <BR> so that the criollo class was abolished. The <i>father of the Paraguayan State</i>. <BR> Under him Paraguay isolated herself from the rest of the world, and entered into a <BR> <i>socialist experiment</i>. Died in 1840. <BR> born in 1938, son of Japanese immigrants to <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#peru">Peru</A>. President of Peru 1990-2000. Under <BR> him, the threat posed by the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#shiningpath">Shining Path</A> guerilla was eliminated. When he was accused <BR> of having tried to bribe opposition politicians, he fled to Japan. <BR> full name Ernesto Rafael Guevara de la Serna, nicknamed Che Guevara. born in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#argentina">Argentina</A> <BR> in 1928, aided Fidel Castro in seizing power in Cuba in 1959. Tried to incite a revolution <BR> in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#bolivia">Bolivia</A>; was captured and executed in 1967. A cult figure of the Hippy Movement. <BR> Peruvian Catholic theologian; founder of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#liberationtheology">Liberation Theology</A> (1962). <BR> Peruvian communist guerillero, founder-leader of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#shiningpath">Shining Path</A> (1960es-1992). <BR> Spanish adventurer, founded Asuncion (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#paraguay">Paraguay</A>) in 1536, in 1539 he moved the <BR> settlers of Buenos Aires (which was abandoned) to Asuncion. Ruled the colony, which <BR> was without contact with the motherland, like a dictator. Died 1556 or 1557. <BR> born in 1902; President of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#brazil">Brazil</A> 1956-1961; moved capital to Brazil, attempted to <BR> promote industrialization; his ambitious policies triggered inflation. Left Brazil for exile <BR> in 1964, died in 1976. <BR> born in 1778 in Corrientes, career military officer, resigned from his commission in the <BR> Spanish army in 1812, led the La Plata rebels in their struggle against Spanish forces <BR> since 1813; moved into <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#altoperu">Alto Peru</A> in 1817, into <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#chile">Chile</A> in 1818. National hero of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#argentina">Argentina</A>. <BR> Moved to France in 1824; died in 1850. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_de_San_Martin">Wikipedia</A> <BR> legendary founder of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#incaempire">Inca Empire</A>, c.1300 <BR> born in 1930, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#peronism">Peronist</A> politician, as President of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#argentina">Argentina</A> 1989-1999 he introduced <BR> reforms which liberalized the market. <BR> born 1821; as President of Buenos Aires opponent of Manuel de las Rosas; President <BR> of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#argentina">Argentina</A> 1862-1868. died in 1906. <BR> full name Edson Arantes do Nascimento, born in 1940; with the Brazilian soccer team <BR> World Champion in 1958, 1962, 1970. Regarded one of the greatest soccer players of <BR> all times. <BR> born in 1922; married Juan Peron in 1945. She liked to be the focus of public attention; <BR> led the campaign for women's suffrage (granted in 1947), died of cancer in 1950, age 33. <BR> born in 1895, career military officer, President of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#argentina">Argentina</A> 1946-1955, 1972-1974, head <BR> of the Peronist political machine. He undertook legislation in favour of the urban poor, <BR> which became a loyal power base. An admirer of Benito Mussolini, sceptical of the <BR> British and the US. Permitted Nazi refugees into Argentina. died in 1974. see article <BR> from <A HREF = "http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Juan Peron">the Free Dictionary</A> <BR> born in 1915, career military officer, led coup d'etat against President of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#chile">Chile</A> Salvador <BR> Allende in 1973; strongman behind military junta 1973-1990; arrested in 1998 while in <BR> London for medical treatment (charged of torture). <BR> born c.1475 in Spain; sailed to the Americas in 1509; in 1532-1533, with a small force <BR> of just over 200 Spaniards, he undertook an expedition into the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#incaempire">Inca Empire</A>, took Inca <BR> Atahuallpa hostage and conquered the capital <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#cuzco">Cuzco</A>. In 1535 he founded the city of <BR> Lima. In a conflict with fellow conquistador Diego de Almagro, the supporters of the latter <BR> were defeated in 1538; in 1541 Pizarro was assassinated. <BR> born in 1793; cattle rancher, holder of political office since 1829, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#blanco">Blanco</A>. Ruled most of <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#argentina">Argentina</A> 1835-1852 as de-facto dictator. Ousted in 1852, he went into exile (England). <BR> died in 1877. <BR> born c.1499 in Spain; 1536-1538 conquered the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#chibchaciv">Chibcha</A> in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#colombia">Colombia</A> (his conquest <BR> temporarily was contested by Benalcazar and Federmann), founded Bogota in 1538. <BR> From 1550 to his death in 1579 governor of New Granada. continued to search for <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#eldorado">El Dorado</A>, a quixotic character. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.bartleby.com/65/ji/JimenezQ.html">Columbia Encyclopedia</A> <BR> born in 1910 as son of German immigrants. President (dictator) of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#paraguay">Paraguay</A> 1954-1989. <BR> head of the Colorado party. <BR> last leader of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#incaempire">Inca resistance</A> against the Spanish; assumed the title Inca in 1570, died <BR> in 1572. <BR> born in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#peru">Peru</A> as José Gabriel Condorcanqui in about 1742. A miner, he took the lead of <BR> suppressed Amerindians in a revolt against the Spanish (1780-1783). He assumed the <BR> name Tupac Amaru, of whom he claimed to be a descendant. He was killed in 1781. <BR> full name Getulio Dornelles Vargas, born in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html#brazil">Brazil</A> in 1883; headed a coup d'etat in 1930 <BR> and assumed the presidency of Brazil, which he held until 1945. Sympathized with <BR> Mussolini, but brought Brazil into WW II on the side of the allies. Later reelected president <BR> in a democratic election 1951; committed suicide while in office 1954. <BR> born in 1454 in Genoa, merchant, later discoverer in Spanish service; in 1498 he found a <BR> stretch of the coast of N.Brazil extending into the Guyanas, which was named after him <BR> - America. Undertook further journeys of discivery for Portugal 1501-1502. Died in Sevilla <BR> in 1512. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> List of Inca Rulers, from <A HREF = "http://www.theincas.com/history/inca_rulers.htm">theincas.com</A> <BR> Lists of Statesmen from <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html">Argentina</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Bolivia.html">Bolivia</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Brazil.html">Brazil</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Chile.html">Chile</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Colombia.html">Colombia</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Ecuador.html">Ecuador</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Guyana.html">Guyana</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Paraguay.htm">Paraguay</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Peru.htm">Peru</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Suriname.html">Suriname</A>, the <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Uruguay.html">Uruguay</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Venezuela.htm">Venezuela</A>, </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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