ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Biographies : History of Sub-Saharan Africa </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004 --> </head> <body bgcolor="grey" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlsafrica.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../../region/banners/banbiography.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Historical Dictionary </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on July 23rd 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Biographies : History of Sub-Saharan Africa </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/biographies/wh/biossafrica.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "idiamin">Amin, Idi</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "kofiannan">Annan, Kofi</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "christiaanbarnard">Barnard, Christiaan</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "bokassa">Bokassa, Jean Bede</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "felixeboue">Eboue, Felix</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "faidherbe">Faidherbe, Louis L.</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "goldie">Goldie, George</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "haileselassie">Haile Selassie</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "kennethkaunda">Kaunda, Kenneth</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "jomokenyatta">Kenyatta, Jomo</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "paulkruger">Kruger, Paul</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "leopoldii">Leopold II.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "livingstone">Livingstone, David</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "lobengula">Lobengula</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "lugard">Lugard, Frederick</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "lumumba">Lumumba, Patrice</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "malan">Malan, Daniel F.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "nelsonmandela">Mandela, Nelson</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mansamusa">Mansa Musa</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mengistu">Mengistu Haile Mariam</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mobutu">Mobutu Sese Seko</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "moshoeshoei">Moshoeshoe I.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "muhammadbello">Muhammad Bello</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "museveni">Museveni, Yoweri</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "gustavnachtigal">Nachtigal, Gustav</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "nkrumah">Nkrumah, Kwame</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "nyerere">Nyerere, Julius</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cecilrhodes">Rhodes, Cecil</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "janvanriebeeck">van Riebeeck, Jan</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "senghor">Senghor, Leopold</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "shakazulu">Shaka Zulu</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "soyinka">Soyinka, Wole</A> <BR> <A NAME = "henrymortonstanley">Stanley, Henry Morton</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "sundiata">Sundiata</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "desmondtutu">Tutu, Desmond</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "usmandanfodio">Usman dan Fodio</A> <BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> born c.1925 in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#uganda">Uganda</A>, career officer, seized power by coup in 1971, assumed <BR> presidency, abolished parliament, expelled Uganda's Asian minority, elimina- <BR> ted people not loyal to him from administration and army; supported Islam. <BR> When an Israeli airplane was abducted to Kampala in 1976, the Ugandan autho- <BR> rities openly cooperated with the hijackers; an Israeli commando liberated the <BR> hostages. In 1979 a Tanzanian force, joined by Ugandan exiles, invaded and <BR> ousted Idi Amin, who went into exile to Saudi Arabia. <BR> born in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#goldcoast">Gold Coast</A> in 1938, studied in the U.S. and in Switzerland; began <BR> working for the United Nations in 1962 (WHO), elected Secretary General of the <BR> United Nations in 1997, still in office. <BR> born in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#southafrica">South Africa</A> in 1922, surgeon who in 1967 performed the world's first <BR> human heart transplantation. Died in 2001. <BR> born in 1921 in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#oubangichari">Oubangi-Chari</A>, in 1960 renamed <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#car">Central African Republic</A>. <BR> Career officer, in 1960 appointed chief of the C.A.R. army. Staged a coup in 1965 <BR> installed himself as president, inn 1972 president for life, converted to Islam in <BR> 1976, crowned himself Emperor in Dec. 1976, was ousted by a coup in 1979. <BR> born in 1884 in French Guiana, as a French citizen. Supporter of General de <BR> Gaulle, Governor-General of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#fea">French Equatorial Africa</A> 1940-1944, first black man <BR> to have such an exalted position in colonial Africa. <BR> born in 1818, French colonial administrator, arrived in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#senegal">Senegal</A> in 1852, began to <BR> expand French sphere of influence; governor of Senegal 1856-1856, 1863-1865. <BR> Died in 1889. <BR> born George Dashwood Goldie Taubman in 1846, colonial adventurer, arrived <BR> in Nigeria, merged the British Nigeria traders into United Africa Company (by <BR> 1879), began to sign protectorate treaties in 1884; in 1885 Britain proclaimed <BR> protectorate over <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#oilrivers">Oil Rivers Districts</A>; the UAC meanwhile enamed into RNC <BR> (Royal Niger Company) established protectorate over inland region. In 1894 <BR> Goldie's RNC concluded protectorate treaty with Borgu, forestalling the French <BR> to do the same. In 1899 the British government took over from Goldie, who was <BR> compensated (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#northernnigeria">Northern Nigeria</A>). Goldie died in 1925. <BR> born as Tafari Makonnen in 1892, regent of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#ethiopia">Ethiopia</A> since 1916, Emperor 1930- <BR> 1974 (1936-1941 in exile in London). During the regency, Ethiopia joined the <BR> League of Nations; he introduced a national parliament, hosted the founding <BR> congress of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#oau">OAU</A>, mediated in the civil wars of Sudan and Nigeria. Was <BR> ousted in 1974 coup d'etat, killed in 1975. <BR> born in 1924 in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#northernrhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</A>, a school teacher, became engaged in <BR> political activity, elected secretary general of the N. Rhod. branch of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#anc">ANC</A> <BR> in 1953. Rejected the creation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, <BR> broke with the ANC in 1958, founded New Independence Party in 1960. When <BR> N. Rhodesia became independent in 1964 under the name of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#zambia">Zambia</A>, Kaunda <BR> became its first president, staying in office until 1991. He was a critic of <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#apartheid">Apartheid</A> policy and permitted the S. African ANC to operate from head- <BR> quarters in Lusaka. In 1968-1972 Kaunda made Zambia a one-party-state. <BR> born Kamau Ngengi in 1891, politically active from an early age, became <BR> leader of the Kenya African Union; arrested in 1952 for the KAU was suspected <BR> of being involved in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#maumau">Mau Mau Rebellion</A>. Released in 1961; when <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#kenya">Kenya</A> <BR> became independent in 1963, he became pm; in 1964 Kenya declared the <BR> republic, Kenyatta became president. In office until his death in 1978. <BR> full name Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger, born in 1825, in his youth his <BR> family joined the Great Trek, settled in the Transvaal. Worked in the adminis- <BR> tration; temporarily was commander of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#zar">Z.A.R.</A> forces; lead resistance <BR> during brief period of British occupation 1877-1881, was president of the <BR> Z.A.R. 1883-1902. In 1899 the British prepared for war; Kruger issued an <BR> ultimatum demanding these preparations tio be ceased; the response did <BR> not satisfy him; the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#boerwar">Boer War</A> followed. Kruger died in 1904. <BR> born in 1835, King of Belgium 1865-1909. Belgium was a constitutiional monar- <BR> chy, the function of king being largely representative. Leopold II. pursued a <BR> number of plans to acquire colonial territory for Belgium; he supported the <BR> exploration of Africa's interior. Because the Belgian parliament refused to take <BR> on responsibility for the Congo, Leopold II. and Henry Morton Stanley founded <BR> the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#congofreestate">Congo Free State</A>, of which Leopold II. was sovereign. Only when Leopold <BR> II. was close to his death (1909), in 1908 did the Belgian parliament accept <BR> the transferance of the Congo Free State into a colony, the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#belgiancongo">Belgian Congo</A>. <BR> born in 1813, Scottish missionary who arrived in South Africa in 1841, began <BR> exploring in the late 1840es. His reports were printed in newspapers and <BR> magazines, and Livingstone gained fame worldwide. When no such reports <BR> had been received for a while, newspapers financed an expedition with the <BR> aim to find him, headed by Henry Morton Stanley, who met Livingstone in 1871. <BR> Livingstone died in 1873, while on exploration. <BR> born c.1836, King of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#matabele">Matabele</A> or Ndebele 1870-1894. Illiterate, in a contract <BR> with Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company he practically signed sove- <BR> reignty over to the latter. Obese, he was made an opium addict by Dr. Jameson, <BR> an associate of Rhodes who abused the situation to gain further concessions. <BR> In 1893 a BSAC force ousted Lobengula from his Kral at Bulawayo; he died in <BR> 1894. <BR> born in India in 1858, full name Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, career officer, <BR> in 1888 he led an expedition against slave traders in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#nyasaland">Nyasaland</A>, in 1889 hired <BR> by the Imperial British East Africa Company; conceived the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#lunticexpress">Lunatic Express</A>, <BR> was instrumental in convincing the Colonial Office to take over from the IBEAC. <BR> Hired by the Royal Niger Company (soon taken over by the colonial office, <BR> territory named <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#northernnigeria">Northern Nigeria</A>) he extended the territory of the latter by a <BR> series of campaigns 1900-1903. In 1912 appointed governor of Northern Nigeria, <BR> he suggested it to be merged with southern Nigeria, which was done in 1914. <BR> Retired in 1919. <BR> born in 1925, political activist, became the first pm of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#drcongo">Congo Leopoldville</A> upon <BR> independence in 1960. He wanted to free the Congo from being dependent on <BR> Belgian military and administrative advisers, and from Belgian companies; the <BR> Belgians supported any opposition against Lumumba, used bribery, armed <BR> opponents; <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#katanga">Katanga</A> seceded, Congo descended into chaos. Lumumba called <BR> on the USSR to aid Congo in her attempt to overcome colonialism. Lumumba <BR> was arrested by opposition militia, maltreated, executed (1961). <BR> born in 1874 in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#capecolony">Cape Colony</A>, full name Daniel Fran&ccedil;ois Malan. Studied <BR> theology in the Netherlands, became a priest; joined the National Party in <BR> 1910. Broke with Hertzog in 1933; reconstituted the National Party in 1948, won <BR> the election, became pm of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#southafrica">South Africa</A> (1948-1954), began <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#apartheid">Apartheid</A> <BR> legislation. Died in 1959. <BR> born in 1918; studied law. Joined the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#anc">ANC</A> in 1944, became political activist, <BR> sentenced to life imprisonment in 1963. In 27 years in jail, he became the best <BR> known ANC leader worldwide; in 1990 he negotiated with the government, was <BR> relased from jail, entered a multiparty government which oversaw the transi- <BR> tion of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#southafrica">South Africa</A> from Apartheid system to majority rule, served as the <BR> country's president 1994-1999. <BR> (as Mansa is a title, at times refered to as Musa) ruler of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#mali">Mali Empire</A> 1312- <BR> 1337, conquered <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#timbuctu">Timbuctu</A> and Gao, undertook pilgrimage to Mecca 1324-1325, <BR> spent lavishly, gained fame. <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#ethiopia">Ethiopian</A> career officer; participated in the 1974 coup which ousted Emperor <BR> Hail Selassie; assumed control of the revolutionary council in 1977, introduced <BR> socialism and entered into a Soviet alliance; fought rebeld in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#eritrea">Eritrea</A> and in the <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#ogaden">Ogaden</A>. Was ousted by a coalition of rebels in 1991; went into exile to <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#zimbabwe">Zim- <BR> babwe</A>. <BR> born in 1930 in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#belgiancongo">Belgian Congo</A>, career officer, involved in a 1960 coup d'etat <BR> which ousted pm Patrice Lumumba. In 1965 Mobutu ousted President Kasavubu <BR> in another coup d'etat, assuming the presidency for himself. In 1971 he re- <BR> named Congo Leopoldville into <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#zaire">Zaire</A>. Mobutu remained in office as president- <BR> dictator until ousted in an insurrection in 1997; he was one of the worst klepto- <BR> crats in history, amassing a fortune at the expense of his country. Died in <BR> exile in Morocco in 1997. <BR> born c.1786 in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#basutoland">Basutoland</A> (modern <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#lesotho">Lesotho</A>), became chieftain c. 1820, under <BR> pressure by the warlike <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#zulu">Zulu</A>, he united the Basotho and created Basutoland. <BR> Facing further threats from the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#boers">Boers</A> and British, the Basotho held their <BR> ground; in 1868 Moshoeshoe agreed to Basutoland being declared a British <BR> protectorate, which in the case of his country meant little more than British <BR> protection. Moshoshoe I. died in 1870. <BR> born in 1781, son of Uthman dan Fodio, founded <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#sokoto">Sokoto</A> in 1812, succeeded <BR> his father as Sultan in 1817, continued a policy of military conquests, ruled <BR> until is death in 1837. <BR> born in 1941, became leader of a rebel force in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#uganda">Ugandan</A> Civil War which <BR> in 1986 took the capital Kampala, when Museveri assumed the presidency. <BR> He returned stability to the country; the civil war was limited to regions <BR> bordering on the Sudan. The country underwent economic recovery remarka- <BR> ble by African standards. Political parties are still banned. Uganda got involved <BR> in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#congolesecivilwar">Congolese Civil War</A> (since 1997). <BR> born in 1834 in Germany; explored the central Sahara and <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#bornu">Bornu</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#bagirmi">Bagirmi</A>, <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#wadai">Wadai</A> in 1869-1875; in 1884 sent on a German expedition charged with the <BR> acquisition of treaties which would result in the establishment of protectorates; <BR> did so in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#togo">Togo</A> and <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#cameroon">Cameroon</A>. Died in Cameroon in 1885. <BR> born c.1909 in the British <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#goldcoast">Gold Coast</A>. A teacher, studied in the U.S. and in <BR> London; became political activist, founded Convention People's Party, won <BR> 1951 elections; in 1957 he became PM of a Gold Coast which was granted <BR> independence within the Commonwealth; in 1960 the republic was declared <BR> and Nkrumah assumed the presidency. Promoted Pan-Africanism; ruled by <BR> decree, suppressed opposition. Ousted by a coup while Nkrumah was <BR> abroad, in 1966. Went into exile to <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#guinea">Guinea</A>; died in 1972. <BR> born in 1922, political activist; when <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#tanganyika">Tanganyika</A> was released into indepen- <BR> dence in 1961, he was pm; when Tanganyika and <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#zanzibar">Zanzibar</A> were merged to <BR> form <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#tanzania">Tanzania</A> in 1964, Nyerere assumed the presidency. Propagated <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#ujamaa">Ujamaa</A>, an African version of socialism. In 1979 orderd the invasion of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#uganda">Uganda</A> <BR> to oust erratic dictator Idi Amin. Retired in 1985, died in 1999. <BR> born as Cecil John Rhodes in England in 1853; arrived in South Africa in 1870, <BR> where his brother owned a claim in the Kimberley diamond mines. Created <BR> De Beers which acquired an almost-monopoly in the world diamond market. <BR> Colonial visionary, developed <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#capetocairo">Cape to Cairo</A> scheme; entered into Cape <BR> politics, pm of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#capecolony">Cape Colony</A> 1890-1896. Founded British South Africa Com- <BR> pany; acquired <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#southernrhodesia">southern Rhodesia</A> 1890-1893, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#nothernrhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</A> by 1900. <BR> Responsible for the Jameson raid into <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#zar">Transvaal</A> in 1895-1896. Died in 1902. <BR> born in 1619 in the Netherlands, worked for the V.O.C. since 1639. In 1652 he <BR> established Kaapstad (Cape Town) and the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#capecolony">Cape Colony</A>, as a V.O.C. posses- <BR> sion. Dutch farmers (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#boers">Boers</A>) were settled there to provide bypassing V.O.C. <BR> vessels with vitamins. Riebeeck died in the East Indies in 1677. <BR> born in 1906, studied in Paris, joined the French army in 1939, joined the <BR> French resistance in 1942, in 1945 elected into France's parliament. Following <BR> elections held in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#senegal">Senegal</A> in 1957 Senghor became pm; upon independence <BR> in 1960 he assumed the presidency. Francophone. Retired in 1980, died in <BR> 2001. <BR> born c.1787, became ruler of a branch of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#zulu">Zulu</A>, devised an agressive mili- <BR> tary strategy, established the Zulu Empire. Zulu raids caused the Mfecane - <BR> an exodus of peoples from eastern South Africa. Ousted and killed in 1828. <BR> Nigerian author, born in 1934, awarded Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986. <BR> born as John Rowlands in Wales c.1841, journalist, moved to U.S. in 1859 <BR> where he adopted new name, covered numerous African expeditions; led ex- <BR> peditions which found Livingstone in 1871, led his excpedition down the Congo <BR> river, suggested declaring the Congo a British protectorate, when this was de- <BR> clined he cooperated with King Leopold II of Belgium in the establishment of <BR> the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#congofreestate">Congo Free State</A>. Died in 1904. <BR> or Sundjata Keita, born c.1210, Muslim ruler of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#mali">Mali</A>, in 1240 he conquered <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#ghana">Ghana</A>, establishing Mali as the dominant power in the Upper Niger valley. <BR> Grandfather of Mansa Musa. Died c.1260. <BR> born in 1931 in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#southafrica">South Africa</A>, ordained a priest in the Anglican Church in 1961, <BR> a critic of Apartheid policy. Awarded he Nobel Peace Prize in 1984, ordained <BR> archbishop in 1986. <BR> or Uthman dan Fodio, born in 1754, initiator of the Fulani jihad in Northern Ni- <BR> geria which resulted in the establishment of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdssafrica.html#sokoto">Sultanate of Sokoto</A>. Died in <BR> 1817, succeeded by his son Muhammad Bello. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> Lists of Statesmen from <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Senegal.html">Senegal</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Gambia.html">Gambia</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Guinea-Bissau.htm">Guinea Bissau</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Cape_Verde.html">Cape Verde</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Guinea.html">Guinea</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali.htm">Mali</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Sierra_Leone.html">Sierra Leone</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Liberia.htm">Liberia</A> <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Cote_dIvorie.html">Cote d'Ivoire</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Burkina_Faso.html">Burkina Faso</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Ghana.html">Ghana</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Togo.html">Togo</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Benin.html">Benin</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Sao_Tome.html">Sao Tome and Principe</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria.htm">Nigeria</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Niger.htm">Niger</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Chad.html">Chad</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Central_African_Republic.html">Central African Republic</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Cameroon.html">Cameroon</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Equatorial_Guinea.html">Equatorial Guinea</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Gabon.html">Gabon</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Congo-Brazzaville.html">Rep. Congo</A> (Brazzaville), <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Congo-Kinshasa.html">D.R. Congo</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Angola.html">Angola</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Namibia.htm">Namibia</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/South_Africa.html">South Africa</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Lesotho.htm">Lesotho</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Swaziland.html">Swaziland</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Botswana.html">Botswana</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Zimbabwe.html">Zimbabwe</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Zambia.html">Zambia</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Malawi.htm">Malawi</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mozambique.htm">Mozambique</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Madagascar.htm">Madagascar</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Reunion.htm">Reunion</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mauritius.htm">Mauritius</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Seychelles.html">Seychells</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Comoros.html">Comoros</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Tanzania.html">Tanzania</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Rwanda.htm">Rwanda</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Burundi.html">Burundi</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Uganda.html">Uganda</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Kenya.htm">Kenya</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Ethiopia.html">Ethiopia</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Eritrea.html">Eritrea</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html">Somalia</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html">Djibouti</A> posted by World Statesmen (Ben Cahoon) <BR><BR> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> M.R. Lipschutz, R.K. Rasmussen (ed.), http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0520051793/">Dictionary of African Biography</A>, Berkeley : Univ. of California Press, 2nd ed. 1986, 328 pp. [G] <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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