ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Cultural History 1770-1880 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tlart17701880.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 22nd 2005 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Cultural History 1770-1880 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdart17701880.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Biedermeier </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdrest.html#biedermeier">Restauration, Early Nationalism</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Can-Can</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> an acrobatic dance form developed in France in the 1830es, then mostly performed by men. Turned into the performance dance (now performed by women) by Jacques Offenbach (1858 : Orpheus in the Underworld). Widely associated with the nightlife of Paris </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Fairytales</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> in the early 19th century, linguists ventured out into the country to collect folk songs, oral history (the Kalevala) and fairytales. Many of the researchers hoped for a treasure trove of national tradition. The brothers Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm published their collection of German fairytales in 1812/1814. However, they at least partially revised the stories (collected in dialect, published in High German; censored). As they observed, the plots of most tales appear in differing varieties among many nations. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Greek Rebellion </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdbalkans.html#greekreb">Balkans</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Gymnastic Movement </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdrest.html#gymnasticmov">Gymnastic Movement</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "impressionism"><B>Impressionism</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> art style (paintings) developed in Paris, succeeding Romanticism. Focussing on the unpolitical; creating images consisting of many dots. Impressionist painters include Manet, Monet, Degas, Renoir. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Municipal Theatre</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Into the 18th century, the theatre plays mainly were performed at courts. From the late 18th century on, playwrights wrote with a bourgeois audience in mind. In the early 19th century, every city in Europe regarded it a matter of prestige to have her own municipal theatre. Click <A HREF = "../../period/restauration/muntheat.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>National Anthem</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Nationalists, patriots regarded a national flag and anthem essential. Many anthems were composed/texted at a time when the government was not (yet) ready to adopt the concept of a nation state as fundament. The <i>Song of the Germans</i> was texted in 1841, adopted as national anthem in 1918. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>National Museum</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The British Museum was opened in 1753, the Louvre declared a national museum in 1793. These musea were expressions of Bourgeois culture - the French nobility had had access to the Louvre beforehand. The nationalist movements in Germany, Bohemia established, on private initiative, financed by donations, national musea in 1852 resp. 1818. Click <A HREF = "../../period/restauration/natmusea.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Neoclassicism</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> architectural style, popular 1770-1850, reviving Classic Greek architecture. Examples the British Museum, the Brandenburg Gate, the Arc de Trionfe etc. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Nihilism</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A philosophy denying the existence of God (Nietzsche : God is dead). A major stream in European intellectual thought in the second half of the 19th century. Darwin's Origin of Species questioned the biblical postulate of creation. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Orthography</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In the 19th century, nationalism emerged in the 19th century as the idealistic concept of a nation state, based on the common language of its people, in defiance of the political situation of the time. German nationalists dreamt of a united Germany (borders not clearly specified), Pan-Scandinavians of a united Scandinavia, Italian nationalists of a unified Italy, Polish nationalists of a resurrected and united Poland (Piast or Jagiellonian), Czechs, Slovaks, Croats of a unified Pan-Slavic state. However, in Germany, for instance the common language - High German, modelled by the novellists of the late 18th and early 19th century, was spoken only by the educated elite. The simple folk with only basic education spoke regional dialects. Nationalist linguists such as the brothers Grimm and Konrad Duden, by compiling dictionaries, contributed to the standardization of the German language, then taught at German schools. Croatian patriots deliberately chose to adopt the Stokavski dialect of Slavonia because it was close to Serbian; they promoted Yugoslavism. Compilers of such single-language dictionaries not only collected and compiled definitions of words; they took decisions shaping the respective language. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Philhellenism</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In the 1820es, the Greek Rebellion as greeted throughout Europe with sympathy. The Greeks (who fought the Muslim Ottoman Empire) were Christians, as were the Europeans; the Greeks fought for an independent, unified nation state, a state many Europeans would like to establish in their respective country and were prevented from doing so by the Holy Alliance, and, finally, many Europeans confused the Greeks of the 1820es with the Greeks of the age of Leonidas, Socrates and Alexander the Great. This misconception was cultivated by Romanticist artists (painters like Delacroix; novellists). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Romanticism</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> an artistic style which replaced Rococo as the leading style in c.1770. While Rococo was a court art, Romanticism appealed to the Bourgeoisie. It emphasized national history, patriotism, heroism. Leading painters Jacques-Louis David, Eugene Delacroix; <A HREF = "../../period/restauration/histnovel.html">writers</A> Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, Friedrich Schiller, Heinrich von Kleist, Sir Walter Scott etc. Early Romanticism was vehemently in favour of the French Revolution; later Romanticism was critical of the French Revolution, as the secular state it produced had little room for emotion. Romanticist writers contributed greatly to the formation of national identity in the early 19th century. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Tricolore</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Flag consisting of three stripes in different colours. The oldest tricolore is the flag of the Province of Holland; France adopted her tricolore during the French Revolution (when it replaced the Fleur-de-Lys). In the early 19th century, nationalist-republican movements adopted tricolores of their own (Germany : 1816). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Troy</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Excavated by Heinrich Schliemann and Wilhelm D&ouml;rpfeld in 1871-1880. In the course of the excavation, D&ouml;rpfeld redefined archaeology. The discovery generated a lot of interest in Greek history and archaeology. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Waltz</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Most popular ballroom dance of the 19th century. Developed in Vienna in the late 18th century; at first banned, because it allowed the partners to touch each other. Widely associated with the Vienna Congress. Composers Lahner, Johann Strauss etc. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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