ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Central Europe </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005-2007 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tlceurope.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 3rd 2005, last revised on June 22nd 2007 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Central Europe </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdceurope.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Anschluss </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdibger.html#anschluss">Interbellum Germany</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Austria, Empire of</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In 1806, the <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#hre">Holy Roman Empire</A> was dissolved. Francis I., hitherto Holy Roman Emperor, assumed the title Emperor of Austria. 'Austria' was applied to the entirety of the complex of territories under <A HREF = "hdabs.html#habsbdyn">Habsburg Dynasty</A> rule. Click <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Austria, Republic of</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Created in 1918 by combining most predominantly German-speaking regions of former <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#ah">Austria-Hungary</A> (except for <A HREF = "hditaly.html#styrol">South Tyrol</A>, the <A HREF = "hdibger.html#sudetenland">Sudetenland</A>. Treated as a defeated nation by the Paris Peace Conference; identity crisis (decision to unify with Germany blocked by Allies). Severely affected by Great Depression (Creditanstalt); dictatorship; 1938 <A HREF = "hdibger.html#anschluss">Anschluss</A>. 1945 reestablished; partitioned in 4 occupation zones; 1955 <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#staatsvertrag">Staatsvertrag</A>; obliged to neutrality. Joined EU in 1995. Click <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xaustria.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ah"><B>Austria-Hungary</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#compromise">Compromise</A> of 1866 granted the Diet of the Kingdom of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungary">Hungary</A> the authority to administrate Hungary, leaving the Viennese administration only defense and foreign policy. The Empire of Austria, from 1866 to 1918, was known as Austria-Hungary or the <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#dualmonarchy">Dual Monarchy</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "bohemia"><B>Bohemia</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Historical Kingdom, core of the <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#czr">Czech Republic</A>. Capital <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#prague">Prague</A>. Slavic (in the late middle ages German immigration; strong German population element in the cities, the <A HREF = "hdibger.html#sudetenland">Sudetenland</A>). Core of the Bohemian Lands. Center of Hussitism in the 15th century. Habsburg rule since 1526; power of Estates broken in 1620. Part of Empire of Austria 1806-1866, of the Austrian half of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#ah">Austria-Hungary</A> 1866-1918, most industrialized region of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#ah">Austria-Hungary</A>. Core region of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A> 1918-1939, 1945-1992; German occupation 1939-1945. Since 1993 core of the <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#czr">Czech Republic</A>. In Czech : Czechy, in German : B&ouml;hmen. Click <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xbohemia.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Bohemian Lands </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#bohlands">Germany</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "bratislava"><B>Bratislava</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Capital of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#slovakia">Slovakia</A>. In Hungariam : Pozsony, in German : Pressburg. Within the Kingdom of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungary">Hungary</A>; city recorded since the early 11th century. The city long was dominated by her ethnic German population element. Seat of the Diet of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#rhungary">Royal Hungary</A> 1526-1848. Capital of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#slovakia">Slovakia</A> since 1918. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "budapest"><B>Budapest</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Capital of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungary">Hungary</A>. Created in 1873, when the two cities of Buda (Ofen) and Pest were merged. Hungary's capital, for centuries in <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#bratislava">Bratislava</A>, was moved to Buda in 1848. Center of the <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungrev">Hungarian Revolution</A> of 1848-1849, of the <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungreb">Hungarian Rebellion</A> 1956. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "charta77"><B>Charta 77</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Document signed by Czechoslovak intellectuals in 1977, demanding political reform. The driving force behind it was novelist Vaclav Havel. The government reacted by having the signatories arrested and sentenced to prison terms </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "compromise"><B>Compromise</B></A> (Austro-Hungarian) </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A treaty signed by the Hungarian Diet and the Austrian Emperor in 1866, granting the Hungarian Diet political autonomy (for the Kingdom of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungary">Hungary</A>). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "concreteheads"><B>Concrete Heads</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> An expression referring to Communist politicians administrating <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A> after the suppression of the <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#springofprague">Spring of Prague</A>. The general perception as that these politicians followed Moscow's line and refused to engage in any reform experiments. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "cssr"><B>CSSR</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> short for Czecho-Slovak Socialist Republic (1960-1990) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "czechoslovakia"><B>Czechoslovakia</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A product of Pan-Slavic ideology. Created in 1918, on the eve of the Munich Pact, as a functioning democracy, Czechoslovakia was an exception, surrounded by dictatorshops. Partitioned, occupied in 1938/1939, recreated in 1945, People's Republic 1948-1989, disintegrated 1993, into the <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#czr">Czech Republic</A> and <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#slovakia">Slovakia</A>. Click <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xczechoslovakia.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "czr"><B>Czech Republic</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> On January 1st 1993 <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A> disintegrated; <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#slovakia">Slovakia</A> and the Czech Republic becoming separate independent states. Click <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xczr.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Defenestration</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> killing a person by throwing him/her out of a window. <BR> (1) Defenestration of Prague 1618, victims two Habsburg representatives in <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#prague">Prague</A> (who survived); event triggered the <A HREF = "hdwor.html#30yearswar">30 Years War</A>. <BR> (2) Defenestration of Prague 1948, victim foreign minister Jan Masaryk, killed; he had been an obstacle to the proclamation of the People's Republic. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "dualmonarchy"><B>Dual Monarchy</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#ah">Austria-Hungary</A> 1866-1918. Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary (K.u.K.), hence dual monarchy under one monarch, two administrations. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>February Patent</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> An Imperial decree of 1861 which created a central Imperial diet (<A HREF = "hdceurope.html#reichsrat">Reichsrat</A>). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Goulash Communism</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> An expressiion referring to the policy of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungary">Hungary</A> 1964-1989 - following the Moscow line in doctrine, pursuing experiments in economic policy. Goulash is a Hungarian meat soup. In 1989 Hungarian politicians cut a hole in the iron curtain, made the Hungarian Forint convertible; communist Hungary had a comparatively vibrant economy. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Habsburg Dynasty </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdabs.html#habsburgdyn">Absolutism</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Habsburg-Ottoman Wars</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Fought 1529-1568, <A HREF = "../../military/16cen/austroott15921606.html">1592-1606</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/17cen/habsbott16631664.html">1663-1664</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/17cen/habsbott16831699.html">1683-1699</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/18cen/austott17161718.html">1716-1718</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/18cen/austott17371739.html">1737-1739</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/18cen/austott17881791.html">1788-1791</A>. Often referred to as Austro-Turkish Wars. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "hungreb"><B>Hungarian Rebellion</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1956, following demonstrations demanding political change, Communist reformer Imre Nagy was appointed PM. Political prisoners were released; the Soviet forces left the country - only to return 2 weeks later, taking control of the country by force. 200,000 Hungarians fled to the west. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "hungrev"><B>Hungarian Revolution</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1848-1849; the Hungarian nobility being at the center of the reolt. Leader Lajos Kossuth. Defeated by Austrian and Russian troops. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "hungary"><B>Hungary</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> From Latin Hungaria; in Hungarian Magyarorszag. The Magyars, pastoral nomad-warriors, arrived in Hungary in A.D. 895. They converted to Christianity in 1002; Kingdom of Hungary independent until 1526 (Battle of Mohacs); then split in three - <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#otthun">Ottoman Hungary</A> (until 1699), <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#transylvania">Transylvania</A>, <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#rhungary">Royal Hungary</A>. Reunited under Habsburg rule in 1699; granted political autonomy in the <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#compromise">Compromise</A> 1866. The Kingdom of Hungary, in the borders of 1866, included <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#slovakia">Slovakia</A>, Carpatho-Ruthenia, <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#transylvania">Transylvania</A>, the Voyvodina, <A HREF = "hdbalkans.html#croatia">Croatia</A> and Slavonia. Carved up by the <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#trianon">Treaty of Trianon</A>, which left a much smaller Hungary. A German ally in World War II; People's Republic and Soviet Satellite 1948-1989. Capital <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#budapest">Budapest</A>. Click <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xhungary.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "kuruc"><B>Kuruc Rebellions</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Rebellions against Habsburg rule in Hungary, <A HREF = "../../military/17cen/kuruc16791684.html">1679-1684</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/18cen/kuruc17031711.html">1703-1711</A>. Name derived from Hungarian term for crusaders. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Lidice</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Town in <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A>. Following the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, German governor of the occupied Czech lands (1942), German forces in retaliation executed the entire adult male population (192); the women and children were deported to Ravensbr&uuml;ck Concentration Camp; the city demolished </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "lentente"><B>Little Entente</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Alliance of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A>, <A HREF = "hdbalkans.html#romania">Romania</A>, <A HREF = "hdbalkans.html#yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</A> formed in 1920, against <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungary">Hungary</A>. The Little Entente was backed by France. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "magyarization"><B>Magyarization</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A policy of enforced assimilation of the ethnic minorities living within the Kingdom of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungary">Hungary</A>, 1866-1918. Magyarization only caused the strengthening of the Slovak, Croat, Serb, Romanian, Ukrainian national movements in regions where these ethnicities were strongly represented. During World War I, the Slovaks, the Romanians in <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#transylvania">Transylvania</A> sympathized with the Entente. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "mayerling"><B>Mayerling</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A hunting lodge in Austria, where, in 1889, Austrian Crown Prince Rudolf shot his mistress, Baroness Maria Vetsera, and then committed suicide, because Emperor Francis Joseph refused to approve Rudolf have his marriage with Princess Stephanie of Belgium annulled and marry the baroness. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Munich Pact </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdibger.html#munichpact">Interbellum Germany</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>October Diploma</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> constitutional document decreed by Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph in 1860. It foresaw a federal structure, wih regional representative assemblies (Landtag). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "othun"><B>Ottoman Hungary</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The parts of Hungary under Ottoman rule 1526-1699, mainly southern Hungary with the Banat and central Hungary around Buda and Pest. Click <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/otthun15261683.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Pittsburgh Convention</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Convention of representatives of Czech and Slovak residents of the U.S., favouring the stablishment of a Czecho-Slovak State. Held in May 1918. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "prague"><B>Prague</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Capital of the Czech Republic, earlier of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A>, <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#bohemia">Bohemia</A>. Czech spelling Praha, German spelling Prag. Hradcany Palace dates back to the late 9th century; city emerged near it. Grew in the 14th century (university 1348); capital of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#bohemia">Bohemia</A>. In the 19th century a multiethnic cultural center (Czechs, Germans, Jews), home to Kafka, Rilke, Werfel etc.; lost her Jewish community (<A HREF = "hdibger.html#holocaust">Holocaust</A>, emigration), her German community (expulsion after WW II). Physical damage to the city, in WW II, was comparatively limited. "The Golden Prague". </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Prague Revolution</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Political demands for reform were made in March and April 1848; fighting erupted June 12th, ended by the end of June. Prague was the host of the first Pan-Slavic Congress 1848. Revolution suppressed. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Red Terror</B> (H) </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Term referring to the arrest, trial, execution of persons regarded representatives of the feudal society or regarded illoyal to <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#shungary">Soviet Hungary</A> (Bela Kun administration, April to August 1919). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "reichsrat"><B>Reichsrat</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Imperial Diet, created in 1861. For most of its history representing the Austrian half of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#ah">Austria-Hungary</A>; dissolved in 1918. Until 1907, representatives were appointed by regional diets (Landtage); in 1907 Reichsrat members, for the first time, were chosen by direct election. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "rhungary"><B>Royal Hungary</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1526-1699 the parts of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungary">Hungary</A> under Habsburg administration, as opposed to <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#otthun">Ottoman Hungary</A>. Mainly western <A HREF = "hdbalkans.html#croatia">Croatia</A>, Hungary, almost all of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#slovakia">Slovakia</A>. Capital <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#bratislava">Bratislava</A>. The Hungarians were not always content with Habsburg rule; see under <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#kuruc">Kuruc Rebellions</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "slovakia"><B>Slovakia</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Region inhabited by the (Slavic) Slovaks. Prior to 1918 referred to as Upper Hungary; part of the Kingdom of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungary">Hungary</A> from the 11th century to 1918. Slovak nationalism emerged in the early 19th century. From 1918 to 1939, 1945 to 1992 part of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A>. Independent 1939-1945, since 1993, capital <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#bratislava">Bratislava</A>. Click <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xslovakia.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "swaf"><B>Socialism with a Human Face</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Policy of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A>'s reform communists, lead by Alexander Dubcek. Included freedom to travel, abolition of censorship etc. see under <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#springofprague">Spring of Prague</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "shungary"><B>Soviet Hungary</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Hungary between April and August 1919. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "springofprague"><B>Spring of Prague</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> January-August 1968, period in which Communist reformers liberalized the political atmosphere in <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A>. Terminated by a Soviet-led invasion of <A HREF = "hdecw.html#warsawpact">Warsaw Pact</A> forces, which established an administration led by communist hardliners (<A HREF = "hdceurope.html#concreteheads">Concrete Heads</A>). Prominent leaders of the reform communists included Alexander Dubcek, Ludvik Svoboda, Ota Sik. The invading forces met nonviolent resistance. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "staatsvertrag"><B>Staatsvertrag</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Treaty which granted sovereignty to a reunited Austria (hitherto split in zones under British, French, American respectively Soviet adminitration). A condition - Austria had to remain neutral. 1955. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "tstgermain"><B>St. Germain, Treaty of</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Following World War I, peace treaty for Austria; signed in 1919. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Sudetenland </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdibger.html#sudetenland">Interbellum Germany</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Transmigration </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdmerc.html#transmigration">Mercantilism</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "transylvania"><B>Transylvania</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Historical principality located in modern <A HREF = "hdbalkans.html#romania">Romania</A>. Historically part of the Kingdom of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungary">Hungary</A>; became a separate entity following the Ottoman victory in the Battle of Mohacs 1526. Population majority Vlach (Romanian, Orthodox); principality's diet composed of Hungarians, Szekelys (nomadic Hungarians), Transylvanian Saxons (Germans, Lutheran). Transylvania practised religious toleration. From 1690 onward under Austria; in 1866 integrated into Kingdom of Hungary. In 1919 the larger part of T. annexed by <A HREF = "hdbalkans.html#romania">Romania</A>. In German : Siebenb&uuml;rgen, in Hungarian Erdely, in Romanian Ardeal. Click <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xtransylvania.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "trianon"><B>Trianon, Treaty of</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Following World War I, peace treaty given to <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungary">Hungary</A>. Hungary lost 60 % of her prewar territory and population (the latter mostly ethnic non-Hungarians); rejected by most Hungarians. 1920. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "wien"><B>Vienna</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Roman Vindobona. Residence of the Habsburg rulers since 1533. Besieged by Ottomans 1529, 1683. Capital of Austria since the 17th century. German spelling : Wien. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>White Terror</B> (H) </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Persecution, execution of Hungarian communists, real and suspected, following the toppling of <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#shungary">Soviet Hungary</A> in August 1919. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> MORE DETAILED ONLINE HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES, BY COUNTRY : <BR> At WHKMLA : <A HREF = "../germany/hdaustriaper.html">Austria</A> <BR><BR> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> Paula S. Fichtner (ed.), <B>Historical Dictionary of Austria</B>, London : Scarecrow 1999, 328 pp., KMLA Lib. Sign. <B>R 943.6 F 445h</B> <BR> Jiri Hochman, <B>Historical Dictionary of the Czech State</B>, London : Scarecrow 1998, 272 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>R 943.71 H686h</B> <BR> Steve Bela Vardy (ed.), <B>Historical Dictionary of Hungary</B>, London : Scarecrow 1997, 704 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>R 943.9 V 291h</B> <BR> Julius Bartl et al., <B>Slovak History : Chronology and Lexicon</B>, Bolchazy Carducci, 2000, 380 pp. <B>[G]</B> <BR> </font></TD> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? "/" + file : file; referer = (document.referrer) ? document.referrer : ""; document.write("<script type=\"text/javascript\" "); document.write("src=\"" + path_to_counterfile + "?chCounter_mode=js&status=" + cstatus + "&visible=" + visible); document.write("&seite=" + file + "&referer=" + referer + "&res_width=" + screen.width + "&res_height=" + screen.height + "\"></" + "script>"); //--> </script> <!-- End of CH Counter --> <BR> </div> </body></html>