ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Decolonization </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tldecol.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 21st 2005 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Decolonization </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hddecol.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Algeria</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> One of the oldest colonies of the Second French Colonial Empire. Had a significant population of christians, descendants of French, Spanish, Italian immigrants; had been annexed into France in 1879. The settlers and the French army units sttioned in Algeria vehemently opposed Algerian independence. In 1954-1962 Algeria saw a violent campaign for/against independence, in which both sides took to terrorist methods. In 1962 Algeria achieved independence; the settlers as well as Algerians who had collaborated with the French emigrated to France proper. Click <A HREF = "../../region/northafrica/xalgeria.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Battle of Dien Bien Phu</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Vietnam 1954. French troops were trapped in a valley surrounded by steep mountains, which were held by the Viet Minh (the strategy the Chinese had pursued in the Korean War, an experience the French hjad chosen to ignore). Actually not a battle, as only the Viet Minh did the shooting. After the defeat, the French left Indochina; North, South Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia were released into independence. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>British Disease</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> a term describing the economic decline of Britain in the 1960es and 1970es, to which the fact that the British industry was affected by the disintegration of her colonial Empire (the loss of traditional markets, suppliers of raw materials). Click <A HREF = "hdeboom.html#brdisease">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Congo Leopoldville</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> from 1908 to 1960 known as the Belgian Congo. In 1960 suddenly released into independence. Congolese PM Patrice Lumumba believed that the Congo only was independent if it assumed control over her mining industry in Katanga province. This was in the hands of Union Miniere, a Belgian enterprise unwilling to give up her source of wealth. UM supported a Katangan separatist movement, and opponents of Lumumba in the Congo; a civil War erupted, Lumumba was arrested, abused and executed. Most white residents of the Congo fled the country. Click <A HREF = "../../region/centrafrica/xcongol.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>India</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Between 1757 and 1848, the E.I.C. established rule over the Indian subcontinent, in a combination of Direct and Indirect Rule. In 1858 the E.I.C. was succeeded by the British Government, British India became a crown colony. In 1918, India saw the rise of a Home Rule / Independence movement without equal in the European colonies of the time. The actions of Gandhi's Congress Party attracted the attention of media worldwide. Britain long was reluctant to give up India, and the British administration supported he emergence of a separate movement of Indian Muslims, the Muslim League. When the British left India in 1947, the country broke up into India and Pakistan, two states which were at war with each other within a year (1948). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Mau Mau Rebellion</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> a resistance / independence movement in Kenya in the early 1950es. The Mau Mau could not hope to militarily defeat the British in Kenya. Hoever,. by attacking isolated farms and police stations, they could spread fear and cause the authorities to maintain a police / military force in the country, which was economically unsustainable in the long term. Leader Jomo Kenyatta was arrested and jailed, to become Kenya's first President (1964-1978). The Mau Mau succeeded in creating an atmosphere in which white immigration declined. When Kenya became independent, many white settlers left. Click <A HREF = "../../region/eastafrica/xkenya.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Moluccans</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The Moluccas or Spice Islands were a core part of the Dutch East Indies. Here, a part of the population had converted to Protestant Christianity, and many Moluccans collaborated with the Dutch. When Indonesia was released into independence in 1949, the South Moluccas declared independence (conquered by Indonesia in 1950). Many Moluccans moved to the Netherlands, where an exile government was established. Many of the Moluccans living in the NL maintained hope to one day return to their country. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Non-Aligned Movement</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Movement of mostly newly independent countries (former colonies) in Asia and Africa, who in foreign policy, during the Cold War, neither wanted to side with the capitalist west nor with the socialist east. Founded in Bandung, Indonesia. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Palestine</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Until 1918 part of the Ottoman Empire, with a mainly Arab-Muslim population. Immigration of European Jews began in the 1880es. In 1920 the League of Nations granted Britain the Mandate over Palestine and Iraq. Britain, in accordance with the Balfour Declaration, permitted Jewish immigration (quotas imposed in the 1930es); the Arab population demanded an end to Jewish Immigration (First Intifada 1935-1938). After WW II the British Administration was unpopular with Jews and Arabs alike; in 1948 Britain withdrew, and the United Nations voted for partition (supported by the Jewish organizations, rejected by Palestine's Arab population). When Israel declared independence, the First Arab-Israeli War broke out (1948). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Pieds Noires</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> literally 'Black Feet'. In France a (pejorative) term used to describe the colons who moved to France from Algeria in 1962; from Tunisia and Morocco in 1956; their ancestors, Frenchmen, Italians, Spaniards, had settled in Algeria during French colonial rule. The name also applies to Sephardic Jews who, during French colonial rule, collaborated with the French and assimilated into French culture, and moved to France when the North African colonies were released into independence. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Suez Crisis </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdoc.html#suezcrisis">Oil Crisis</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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