ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Early Cold War </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tlecw.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 10th 2005 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Early Cold War </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdecw.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Anti-Communism</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> a negatively defined political ideology. Against one-party-state, state-planned economy, against the nationalization of privately owned businesses, against a forced conformity of workers, students, comrades, for freedom of travel, of religion.In the early 1950es, Anti-Communism became the credo of the McCarthyists in the U.S.; in <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#frg">West Germany</A> Anti-Communism became official policy as it was the official view that the unfree communist government in <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#gdr"> East Germany</A> prevented unification; the KPD (German communist party) was banned in 1957 (only to reorganize herself as DKP shortly after). A decree banned radicals from being government officials. In the military dictatorships of Spain and Portugal, Anti-Communism had been official policy long before McCarthyism emerged in the States; the dictatorships used it in order to improve their relationships with the west. In Italy, the Communist Party had a voter base of c. 40 %, but knew that it could not form a government as long as the Cold War was going on. Anti-Communism was less prevalent in countries like France or Sweden, where communist parties had a considerable base of voters and occasionally functioned as junior partners in coalition governments. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Arms Race</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Nuclear bombs race (US/UK 1945, USSR 1949, F 1960, CHN 1964); jet fighters; missiles. The <A HREF = "hdecw.html#spacerace">Space Race</A> was not purely a scientific-technological venture, but also had military implications. Click <A HREF = "../../period/earlycoldwar/armsrace.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Berlin Airlift </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdpostwar.html#bairlift">Post-War Years, 1945-1949</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Berlin Blockade </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdpostwar.html#bblockade">Post-War Years, 1945-1949</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "berlinwall"><B>Berlin Wall</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Berlin was divided in 4 sectors (American, British, French, Soviet). While the remainder of the Soviet Occupied Zone in 1949 was released into independence as <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#gdr">GDR</A>, (East) Berln, while nominally capital of the GDR, remained under Soviet administration. Soviet authorities stuck to the concept of Berlin being one unified city, although a common Allied policy was no longer discussed since 1947. Every year, hundreds of thousands of East Germans crossed into West Berlin to stay (<A HREF = "hdecw.html#republikflucht">Republikflucht</A>). In 1961, the Soviet authorities handed over the administration of East Berlin to the GDR, which immediately proceeded to construct the Berlin Wall. In East German propaganda terminology the <i>Anti-Imperialist Protection Wall</i> It would stand until 1989; a few regular border-crossing points, such as <A HREF = "hdecw.html#chcharlie">Checkpoint Charlie</A>. Those who tried to cross the border risked being shot at. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Cambridge Spy Ring</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> a group of Britons who where recruited as KGB spies while studying in Cambridge, lead by Kim Philby. Later in influential positions, they leaked secrets of Anglo-American nuclear bomb technology to the <A HREF = "hdecw.html#kgb">KGB</A>; in 1949 the USSR was a nuclear power. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "chcharlie"><B>Checkpoint Charlie</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Most famous of the border-crossing checkpoints established at the <A HREF = "hdecw.html#berlinwall">Berlin Wall</A> in 1961. Removed in 1989. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "cia"><B>CIA</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Central Intelligence Agency (U.S. secret service) ideological, political and economic confrontation of two systems without the two main powers involving in direct military confrontation. 1946-1991. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Cold War</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The term was phrased by U.S. journalist Walter Lippmann in 1947. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "comecon"><B>COMECON</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 1949-1991, members USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, GDR (1950-1990), Albania (1949-1961), Mongolia (1962- ), Cuba (1972- ), Vietnam (1978- ). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Communism</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (a) Communist Definition : final, utopian stage of development (first post-revolutionary stage : socialism; second stage : advanced socialism, final stage - communism. In the late 1950es, many Russians rejected Stalinism, believed that after 1956 they had the opportunity to develop communism, were convinced they would overtake the west in a few years. <BR> (b) Anti-Communist Definition : oppressive form of government; atheistic, evil. <BR> (c) Eurocommunist Defnition : a political ideology within the democratic system; highly sceptical of capitalism, believing in the function of the state to regulate the economy and care for its citizens (welfare state). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Destalinization </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under Russia </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "easternbloc"><B>Eastern Bloc</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> the countries under Soviet influence - USSR, Poland, <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#gdr">GDR</A>, <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#cssr">CSSR</A>, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> ERP </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> European Recovery Plan, better known as <A HREF = "hdpostwar.html#marshallplan">Marshall Plan</A>. see under <A HREF = "hdpostwar.html#marshallplan">Post-War Years 1945-1949</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Eurocommunism</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The communist parties in Westrn Europe long permitted Stalin / Moscow to influence their policies. This changed with the Soviet clampdown on the <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungreb">Hungarian Rebellion</A> 1956; the Communist Parties in Italy, France, Sweden developed their own profile, recognized the legitimacy of the democratic system, criticized Soviet policy. Occasionally they functioned as junior partners in coalition governments (in France, Sweden, not in Italy). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Evil Empire</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Term coined by U.S. Cold War propaganda to describe the USSR. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Fifth Republic </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdfrance.html#5threp">France</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Finland</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> During WW II, Finland had been first the victim of Soviet aggression, then a German ally. In 1944 Finnish forces again (as in 1939) stopped an invading Red Army; in 1947 they obtained a peace treaty under conditions set by the USSR. Click <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xfinland.html">here</A> for more inormation </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Finlandization</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The policy of forcing a country to be neutral and to hand over refugees, pursued by the USSR in the cases of Finland 1947/ 1955 and of Austria (<A HREF = "hdceurope.html#staatsvertrag">Staatsvertrag</A> 1955). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "forcedefrappe"><B>Force de Frappe</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> France's nuclear-armed force. France first tested a nuclear bomb in 1960 in the desert of Algeria; since the independence of Algeria, France used Moruroa Atoll (French Polynesia) as testing site. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Fourth Republic </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdfrance.html#4threp">France</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> FRG </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#frg">Germany</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Gaullism </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdfrance.html#gaullism">France</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> GDR </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#frg">Germany</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>GDR Uprising</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> July 17th 1953. An attempt by the <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#gdr">GDR</A> administration to raise prices and production requirements in order to balance the books triggered a series of spontaneous demonstrations. They attracted large masses; demands switched from the cancellation of the recent measures to the resignation of the government and free elections; at this stage, Soviet tanks interfered and a clampdown was initiated. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Hungarian Rebellion </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1956. see under <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#hungreb">Central Europe</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Imperialism</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (I) Western traditional definition : a policy aiming at the acquisition or maintenance of an Empire; in a modern context, of a colonial Empire. <BR> (II) Communist propaganda used the expression to describe the U.S., Britain, France. <BR> (III) Western intellectual definition : a policy exercising political, economic and cultural influence on other countries - thus describing hegemony as well as empire. Fitted on the U.S., the USSR, the PRC, Britain, France, but also on countries such as Indonesia. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Iron Curtain </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdpostwar.html#ironcurtain">Post-War Years 1945-1949</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "kgb"><B>KGB</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Soviet acronym for <i>Committee for State Security</i>; Soviet Secret Service. Created in 1954; dissolved in 1991. Soviet pendant to the <A HREF = "hdecw.html#cia">CIA</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Korean War</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1950-1953. When North Korean forces invaded South Korea, the U.N. Security Council (temporarily boycotted by the Soviet delegate) called upon member states to come to South Korea's aid. Among the Eur. countries, the U.K., France, Belgium, the Ntherlands, Luxemburg, Greece and Turkey sent troops, Italy, Denmark, Sweden and Norway field hospitals; Hungary supported North Korea with a field hospital. Soviet pilots flew for the North, over North Korean territory. Some French communists fought, as volunteers, for the North. The Korean War raised fears in Europe for the Cold War turning into a hot war. The U.S. changed her policy and now pressed for (West) <A HREF = "hdecw.html#remil">German rearmament</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Marshall Plan </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdpostwar.html#marshallplan">Post-War Years 1945-1949</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Medal Race</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> competition between the USSR and her satellites on one side, the U.S. and her European allies on the other (and a German-German contest) for who acquired the most medals at the Olympics. The <A HREF = "hdecw.html#easternbloc">Soviet Bloc</A> exploited the amateur status, developing 'state amateurs' - soldiers being able to spend 100 % of their time on training; they sent scouts into elementary schools to find potential future athletes at an early stage, and sent them to special schools, and developed doping. The west responded by developing sponsorship for athletes (and doping came, in some cases, to be used as well). Click <A HREF = "../../period/earlycoldwar/medalrace.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>MI5</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> British secret service. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "nato"><B>NATO</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Military alliance founded in 1949, members U.S., Canada, U.K., France, Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, Italy, seat of administration Paris. Later joined by <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#frg">FRG</A>, Greece, Turkey; France withdrew from military structure in 1967; then seat of administration moved to Brussels (Belgium). Click <A HREF "../../region/europe/nato.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> short NPT, accepted signatures in 1968. Signatories include <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#frg">FRG</A>, Japan, Italy, Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey etc. Intended to prevent the further spread of nuclear arms technology. Since, India, Pakistan, Israel have become nuclear powers. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> OAS </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdfrance.html#oas">France</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Refugees</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> during the Cold War, political refugees from the other Bloc were welcomed (until 1961, the <A HREF = "hdpostwar.html#ironcurtain">Iron Curtain</A> had an opening in Berlin). Many of the East Germans moving to the West may have been motivated by economic as well as political motives. There were persons moving in the other direction. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "remil"><B>Remilitarization of Germany</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> During the Cold War, Germany and Korea became the hottest spots. Here the largest concentration of troops and weapons was to be found. Yet, the German states established in 1949 did not have armed forces (the victorious powers, at that time, would not have tolerated an armed Germany). This translated into a situation where the NATO powes financed the defence of West Germany; in 1955, with the support of the U.S., the <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#frg">FRG</A> decided to establish an army and join <A HREF = "hdecw.html#nato">NATO</A>; the GDR also established an army and joined the <A HREF = "hdecw.html#warsawpact">Warsaw Pact</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "republikflucht"><B>Republikflucht</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> East German term translating to <i>Flight from the Republic</i> (<A HREF = "hdgermany.html#gdr">GDR</A>). The GDR suffered from an exodus (through Berlin, 200.000 - 250.000 annually, until 1961). In 1957, an attempt to do so (without official permission) was declared a crime to be punished by up to three years in prison. The numbers, however, only declined when the Berlin all was constructed; until 1989, when the wall fell, there were always some who tried. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Socialism with a Human Face </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#swhf">Central Europe</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "spacerace"><B>Space Race</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> During WW II, Germany developed the first successful missile launch program. In 1945, both the U.S. and the USSR "invited" German rocket scientists and began programs of their own. In 1957, the Soviets launched the world's first satellite, the Sputnik. in 1961, the Soviets sent the first man into space, Yuri Gagarin. John F. Kennedy then announced the U.S. intention to send a man on the moon, a promise fulfilled in 1969. Click <A HREF = "../../period/earlycoldwar/spacerace.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Spring of Prague </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#springofprague">Central Europe</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Sputnik</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> name of the world's first satellite, launched by the USSR in 1957. Created (an exaggerated) hysteria in the U.S., fed by the media, in the interest of the U.S. arms industry </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Staatsvertrag </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#staatsvertrag">Central Europe</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>StaSi</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> acronym for Staatssicherheit, <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#gdr">East Germany</A>'s secret service; the GDR's largest employer, and probably East Germany's most successful enterprise (in acquiring echnology through industrial espionage). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "truman"><B>Truman Doctrine</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> proclaimed by the U.S. in 1947; a programme providing financial and military aid to Turkey and Greece, both seen as threatened by Communism. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Voice of America</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> American-operated radio service operating stations at various places in Europe, with the intention to spread informtion (and propaganda) to regions behind the <A HREF = "hdpostwar.html#ironcurtain">Iron Curtain</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "warsawpact"><B>Warsaw Pact</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Eastern Bloc's military alliance, established in 1955 (counterpart to NATO), members USSR, Poland, <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#gdr">GDR</A>, <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#cssr">CSSR</A>, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania (until 1968). The Warsaw Pact spent great effort in order to exceed <A HREF = "hdecw.html#nato">NATO</A> in numbers of tanks, divisions etc. Click <A HREF = "../../region/europe/warsawpact.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Western Bloc</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> in essence the NATO countries </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Yugoslavia</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> a communist one-party-state outside of the Soviet sphere of influence. When Yugoslavia accepted <A HREF = "hdpostwar.html#marshallplan">Marshall Plan</A> aid, Stalin broke with Yugoslavia; the latter concluded a military alliance with the U.S., (1951) later to pursue a policy of neutrality between the two blocs. Click <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xyugoslavia.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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