ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : European Integration </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tleintr.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 13th 2005 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : European Integration</B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdeintr.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Benelux </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdlctr.html#benelux">Low Countries</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Butter Mountain </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdeboom.html#bmountain">Economic Boom</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "comecon"><B>COMECON</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, established in 1949 as the Eastern Bloc's pendant to the OEEC. Founding members USSR, Poland, CSSR, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria; later joined by Albania (1949), GDR (1950), Mongolia (1962), Cuba (1972), Vietnam (1978). The Comecon attempted to reduce dependence on imports from out of the Comecon area to a minimum; production plans of the various countries were adjusted (1950es) to the perceived needs of the area. The Comecon economies failed to keep pace with the <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eec">EEC</A>, <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#ec">EC</A>/<A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eu">EU</A> and <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#efta">EFTA</A> economies, were hit hard by the Oil Crisis of 1973. Dissolved in 1989/1991. Click <A HREF = "../../region/europe/comecon.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Common Market</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> byname for <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eec">EEC</A> / <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#ec">EC</A> / <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eu">EU</A> Europe, emphasizing that no import and export tariffs for internal <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eec">EEC</A> / <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#ec">EC</A> / <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eu">EU</A> trade are collected. France and Germany became each other's leading trading partners. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Council of Europe</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> established in 1949, seat Strasbourg. A forum for all European states irrespective of their ideological foundations. Promoted the abolition of the death penalty; criticized member states for violating their constitution, for violating human rights. Click <A HREF = "../../region/europe/eurocouncil.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Currency Snake</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In the 1960es the West German economy was booming; the finance ministers and national bank admnistrators of other European nations, such as the Netherlands and Austria, regarded it in their best interest to maintain a contant exchange rate with the DM (German Mark). Whenever the Bundesbank changed interest rates, the snake countries would adapt the same change the day after. They fared well with this procedure, and over the years more countries joined the snake. The logical consequence of the phenomenon was the introduction of the Euro as a common currency. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ec"><B>EC</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> in 1986 the <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eec">EEC</A> was renamed EC (European Community). Click <A HREF = "../../region/europe/eu.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ecsc"><B>ECSC</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> European Commission for Steel and Coal, established in 1951. France lacked coal, which Germany had. The organization was intended to promote cooperation and to prevent Germany's steel industry to be abused to produce the armament for another European war. Highly successful; in 1957 the <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eec">EEC</A> took on her responsibilities. Click <A HREF = "../../region/europe/eec.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>EEA</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> created in 1993 - European Economic Area, consisting of <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eu">EU</A> and <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#efta">EFTA</A> countries. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "eec"><B>EEC</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> European Economic Community, created in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome. original members FRG, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg. Headquarters Brussels (Belgium). The United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland joined in 1973, Greece in 1981, Spain and Portugal in 1986. In 1986 renamed EC. The EEC or Common Market abolished import tariffs in intra-EEC trade, following the model of Benelux. Click <A HREF = "../../region/europe/eec.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> EEC Agricultural Policy </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdeboom.html#eecap">Economic Boom</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "efta"><B>EFTA</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> European Free Trade Association, established in 1960. The founding members wished for the economic advantages of a common market but did not share the vision of the <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eec">EEC</A> member governments of striving for a United States of Europe. However, many EFTA members over time applied for <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eec">EEC</A> / <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#ec">EC</A> / <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eu">EU</A> membership. Click <A HREF = "../../region/europe/efta.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "emu"><B>EMU</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> European Monetary Union, decided on in 1988/1992. In 1994 the European Monetary Institute was introduced; the <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#euro">Euro</A> currency in 1999 (the old currencies phased out in 2002). Seat of the European Central Bank (created in 1998) is Frankfurt (Germany). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "eu"><B>EU</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> European Union (until 1992 referred to as the <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#ec">EC</A>). In 1995, Austria, Sweden and Finland joined, in 2004 Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Malta and Cyprus joined. Many of the EU countries have joined the <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#emu">EMU</A> (introduced the Euro); many have signed the <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#schengen">Schengen Agreement</A> abolishing border controls. Presently the introduction of a common European constitution is decided upon in national plebiscites / parliaments. Click <A HREF = "../../region/europe/eu.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "euro"><B>Euro</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Common currency of many European countries (see <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#emu">EMU</A>, <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eurozone">">Euro Zone</A>), introduced in 1999, sole legal currency since 2002. The national banks of all member countries produce Euros, the coins featuring different backsides for each country. Valid throughout the Euro Zone and in a number of countries outside the zone. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "eurozone"><B>Euro Zone</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Consisting of Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain. These nations since 1999/2002 share the Euro as common currency. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Milk Lake </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdeboom.html#mlake">Economic Boom</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Nordic Council </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdscand.html#ncouncil">Scandinavia</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Pan-Europa</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1923 publication by Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi, in which he outlined his vision of European political and economic integration. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Paneuropean Movement</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> in the 1920es Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi promoted the concept of a Pan-Europe, a United States of Europe. The Austrian government permitted him to have his office in the Hofburg in Vienna. While the Great Depression and the dictatorships of the 1930es prevented any progress in that decade, the movement had laid the groundwork for the economic integration and for political rapprochement that would take place in the 1950es - tragically, without the participation of Austria. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "schengen"><B>Schengen Agreements</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> First Schengen Agreement on the gradual abolition of border controls 1985, signed by FRG, NL, B, LUX, F. Named after a place in Luxemburg, where the issue weas agreed upon. In 1997 Schengen Protocol to the Treaty of Amsterdam. The following countries since have signed : A, DK, SF, GR, Iceland, N, P, E, S. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Treaty of Maastricht</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1992 Treaty, renamed <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#ec">EC</A> into <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eu">EU</A>, decided on introduction of standardized <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eu">EU</A> passports, <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#emu">EMU</A> (introduction of the <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#euro">Euro</A>). Maastricht is located in the Netherlands </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Treaty of Rome</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1957 Treaty, founded the <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#eec">EEC</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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