ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Fin de Siecle, 1880-1914 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tlfds.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 22nd 2005 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Fin de Siecle, 1880-1914 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdfds.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "200"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <B>Art Nouveau</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Belle Epoque</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Bohemien</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Boy Scouts</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Crystal Palace</B> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cubism"><B>Cubism</B></A> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Eiffel Tower</B> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "expressionism"><B>Expressionism</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "fauvism"><B>Fauvism</B></A> <BR><BR> <B>Fin de Siecle</B> <BR><BR> <B>Futurism</B> <BR><BR> <B>Jugendstil</B> <BR> <B>Mass Culture</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Militarism</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Movies</B> <BR><BR> <B>Naturalism</B> <BR><BR> <B>Nudism</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Olympic Games</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Pacifism</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Science Fiction</B> <BR> <B>Soccer</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Youth Hostels</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> Art style which emerged in Belgium in c.1880 and was popular in the 1890es <BR> and beyond. In Germany called "Jugendstil", in Austria "Sezessionsstil". In <BR> Paintings/Prints, Architecture, Jewellery. Often served the purpose of adver- <BR> tisements. Famous representative the Belgian Henry van de Velde, Moravian <BR> Alfons Mucha, Frenchman Henri de Toulouse Lautrec. <BR> In French cultural history a term describing the period from the 1890es to <BR> World War I. French society experienced a degree of affluence and prospe- <BR> rity; many were not aware of the imminant danger, lived seemingly care-free. <BR> A term describing the lifestyle of artists who chose to live in poverty, because <BR> they regarded any form of patronage as compromising their artistic liberty. <BR> Bohemiens rejected Bourgeois values. The term is directed from an expres- <BR> sion then describing Gypsies rather than Czechs; the artists here described <BR> admired the freedom of the Gypsies. <BR> A Youth Organization, established in 1907 by Lord Baden Powell. It promotes <BR> physical activities, the understanding of nature and the development of leader- <BR> ship skills. The Boer War had shown the unpreparedness of the settlers in <BR> the Cape Colony and Natal for the war; the boy scouts were conceived to <BR> train a generation of young men who whould adapt more readily to such a <BR> situation. Founded in the British Empire, it later spread world-wide. <BR> Building constructed to house the Great Exhibition (London 1851), in 1854 <BR> relocated to Upper Norwood, where it stood until burnt in 1936. A first glass & <BR> steel construction, it expressed the optimism of the era. <BR> an art style which emerged in Paris in 1906. Cubist paintings depict persons <BR> or items as composed of basic geometric figures. Representatives Georges <BR> Braque, Pablo Picasso <BR> Constructed by Gustave Eiffel in Paris in 1889, for the World Exposition. A <BR> steel construction; then the tallest building in the world (until 1930). <BR> An art style which emerged in Germany in the 1880es. Emphasizes the <BR> silhouettes of persons, animals, landscapes; often changes shape or colour. <BR> Representatives Franz Marc, Oskar Kokoschka, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, <BR> Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh <BR> Literally "Wild Style"; was given to a school of painters in 1905. Related to <BR> Expressionism. <BR> French for "End of the Century"; synonymous with Belle Epoque, the prospe- <BR> rous period preceding World War I. <BR> Art style which emerged in Italy in 1907; embraced technological progress, <BR> nationalism. Architecture. <BR> German name for Art Noveau. <BR> In the last decades of the 19th century, the working class, while still poor, <BR> became an important customer group. Factories and Merchants adressed <BR> them by producing/selling functional, low price kitchen utensils, household <BR> items, fashion; mail order catalogues came up. Advertisements increasingly <BR> included images; some advertisements were artistic (Art Nouveau). <BR> New forms of entertainment, such as the cinemas, addressed a mass <BR> public. The working classes tried to emulate the lifestyle of the Bourgeoisie <BR> by attending theatre performances (often in theatres of the Labour Movement), <BR> joined sports clubs, choires etc. <BR> In the late 19th century, patriotism (nationalism) was promoted in schools; <BR> the established literature promoted a patriotic attitude; the European coun- <BR> tries saw their colonial Empires grow, in part due to the exploits of their <BR> armies. The military was highly respected; in Germany the general percep- <BR> tion was that unification had been achieved due to the contribution of the <BR> army. Therefore the military enjoyed high reputation. In Wilhelmine Germany, <BR> an officers' patent was regarded as similar to noble status or a doctorate. <BR> The army, in Germany and France alike, as guardian of the nation regarded <BR> herself as above civilian criticism. When Emile Zola criticized France's <BR> military leadership in the years after 1870, the French public opinion long <BR> sided with the military, against the critic. Military marching music was very <BR> popular, as were military uniforms. <BR> Invented by the Brothers Lumiere (Paris 1895), moving pictures soon became <BR> popular. <BR> Literary style, by writers influenced by Charles Darwin. Representatives <BR> Emile Zola, Guy de Maupassant (France). <BR> A philosophy which propagated nudity as a reform of lifestyle, exposing the <BR> skin to light, air, the sun. Emerged around the turn of the century; the first <BR> nudist colony was founded in Hamburg (Germany) in 1900. <BR> At the initiative of Pierre de Coubertin (France), the International Olympic <BR> Committee (IOC) was founded in Lausanne (Switzerland) in 1894. The first <BR> Olympic Games of the modern era were held in Athens in 1896. The games <BR> were to promote peaceful competition of the nations. <BR> Political philosophy which warned of the danger of excessive nationalism <BR> leading toward war, of the dangersw of a modern war; promoting efforts <BR> toward peace and international coperation. <BR> Literary genre introduced by Jules Verne (France) c.1870. <BR> in Britain also called football; the rules were defined in England in the mid <BR> 19th century. The (English) Football ssociation was established in 1863, <BR> The English Soccer League was founded in 1888; the first international <BR> match (Englnd vs. Scotland) played in 1872. <BR> In late 19th century Germany, older high school students and university <BR> students organized groups of younger students, leading them out of the <BR> cities, wandering through the countryside. They sang together, stayed <BR> overnight in barns. The phenomenon became a nuisance for the farmers, <BR> and hostels were founded, on a non-profit basis, to provide youngsters <BR> with proper & low cost lodging and food. The first youth hostel was <BR> established in Altena Castle (Germany) in 1909. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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