ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : High Imperialism </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tlhimp.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 19th 2005, last revised on August 26th 2006 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : High Imperialism</B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdhimp.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "200"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "algeciras"><B>Algeciras Conference</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Anglo-Japanese Alliance</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "arentente"><B>Anglo-Russian Entente</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Ashanti</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Battle of Adowa</B> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "berlinconference"><B>Berlin Conference</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Boers</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "boerwar"><B>Boer War</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Boxer Rebellion</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "bsac"><B>BSAC</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Buganda</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Buschiri Rebellion</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Cannibalism</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "capecolony"><B>Cape Colony</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cc"><B>Cape to Cairo</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Colony</B> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "congocrisis"><B>Congo Crisis</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "congofreestate"><B>Congo Free State</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Crown Colony</B> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "dd"><B>Dakar to Djibouti</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Direct Rule</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Education</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "eic"><B>E.I.C.</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "ententecordiale"><B>Entente Cordiale</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "eva"><B>Ever Victorious Army</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "fashodacrisis"><B>Fashoda Crisis</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Franco-Chinese War</B> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "frindochina"><B>French Indochina</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Hospitals</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Hut Tax</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Indirect Rule</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Inequal Treaties</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "kimberley"><B>Kimberley</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "liberia"><B>Liberia</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Lunatic Express</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mahdi"><B>Mahdi</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mahdiyya"><B>Mahdiyya</B></A> <BR><BR> <B>Maji Maji Rebellion</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Matabele</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "missionaries"><B>Missionaries</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Monroe Doctrine</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "moroccocrises"><B>Morocco Crises</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Mutilation</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Open Door Policy</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Panama Canal</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Plantations</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Poison Proof</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "protectorate"><B>Protectorate</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "quinine"><B>Quinine</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "railroads"><B>Railroads</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "rjapwar"><B>Russo-Japanese War</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "sepoyrebellion"><B>Sepoy Rebellion</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Settlements for Freed Slaves</B> <BR><BR> <B>Sierra Leone</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "slavetrade"><B>Slave Trade</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Sokoto</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "spawar"><B>Spanish-American War</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Station</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Suez Canal</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Suttee</B> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "transvaal"><B>Transvaal</B></A> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Treaty Ports</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>White Man's Burden</B> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "zanzibar"><B>Zanzibar, Sultanate of</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "zulu"><B>Zulu</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> held in Algeciras, Spain, in 1906. France aimed at the acquisition of <BR> Morocco, having won British tacit approval in the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#ententecordiale">Entente Cordiale</A> of 1904. <BR> Germany had plans of her own, formally recognized Moroccan inde- <BR> pendence. She failed to gain international recognition of the latter; <BR> however France, at the moment, could not take full control of Morocco. <BR> Following the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the East Asian Triple <BR> Alliance (France, Germany, Russia) had pressurized Japan into giving <BR> up some of her gains, and had claimed concessons from China - <BR> France : Kwangchowan, Germany : Kiautschou, Russia : Port Arthur. <BR> The U.S., in the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#spawar">Spanish-American War</A>, had acquired the Philippines. <BR> These events had significantly altered the political landscape in East <BR> Asia; the changes were implemented without the participation of Britain; <BR> the British, which until then were usually the decisive element in the <BR> regional balance of powers and had aimed at preventing other colonial <BR> powers, especially Russia, gaining a port in the region, were politically <BR> isolated. In order to overcome this isolation, in 1902 Britain and Japan <BR> concluded an alliance. <BR> Britain, ever since the Vienna Congress, regarded Russian expansion <BR> with suspicion. Britain most feared Russia gaining a year-round ice-free <BR> port on the Pacific, gaining a port on the Mediterranean and, via Central <BR> Asia, threatening British India. Russia expanded into Central Asia, and, <BR> in 1898, gained Port Arthur in Manchuria. Britain in 1902 concluded the <BR> Anglo-Japanese Alliance. Japan conquered Port Arthur in the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#rjapwar">Russo- <BR> Japanese War</A> of 1904-1905. Now, the expanding German fleet posed <BR> a greater threat, in British perspective, than Russia. In 1907 the Anglo- <BR> Russian Entente was concluded, an agreement over Russian, British <BR> spheres of interest in Central Asia, and over buffer states. <BR> Alternative spelling Asante; people and historic state in West Africa <BR> (present Ghana). In the 19th century they fought several wars against <BR> the British. In 1872 Britain acquired the Dutch forts on the Gold Coast <BR> and now was the sole colonial power here. It began a policy of territorial <BR> expansion. In 1896 the British declared a protectorate over the Ashanti; <BR> in 1901 the kingdom was dissolved. Click <A HREF = "../../region/westafrica/ashanti.html">here</A> for more information <BR> fought in 1896; Ethiopian victory over an invading Italian army. The Ethio- <BR> pians had been supplied with arms by the French. The battle secured <BR> Ethiopian independence for several decades. Click <A HREF = "../../military/imperialism/adowa.html">here</A> for more information <BR> held in Berlin in 1884-1885, at the invitation of Otto von Bismarck. Established <BR> rules for the colonization of Africa, among them free trade in the Congo <BR> Basin, free navigation on the Congo, Zambezi and Niger, the common ob- <BR> ligation to suppress the slave trade in Africa's interior, neutrality of colonies <BR> in the Congo Basin in case of a European war, and ruled how to proceed <BR> when a colonial power wished to establish a protectorate on the African <BR> coast. Also called Africa or Congo Conference. <BR> descendants of Dutch settlers (farmers), brought to the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#capecolony">Cape Colony</A> by <BR> the V.O.C. since 1652. They speak Afrikaans (long called Cape Dutch). <BR> Many of them resented British rule (since 1806), and in 1835, in the Great <BR> Trek, migrated into the interior, where they founded the Boer Republics <BR> (Oranje Vrijstaat, Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (see under <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#transvaal">Transvaal</A>)). <BR> The word "Boer" translates to 'farmer'. <BR> Gold was found in the Z.A.R. (called <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#transvaal">Transvaal</A> by the English) in 1886; in <BR> 1899 the British provoked the Boer Republics into declaring war. Heavily <BR> outnumbered, the Boers, during the early phase of the war, went on the <BR> offensive; in 1900 the British forces under Lord Kitchener occupied Bloem- <BR> fontein and Pretoria, the capitals of the Boer Republics. The war was not <BR> over, as the Boers now resorted to guerilla tactics. The British rounded <BR> up the families of the Boers and held them in concentration camps, where <BR> they were given insufficient food and medical treatment; 28,000 of the in- <BR> mates died, before the Boers surrendered. <BR> Chinese movement turning into a rebellion 1898-1900, full name in English <BR> translation Fists of Righteous Harmony. In the beginning demanding the <BR> deposition of Qing Dynasty as well as the expulsion of the foreigners, the <BR> first demand was dropped to pressurize the administration for reform, <BR> partially w. success. The Boxers committed acts of violence against indi- <BR> vidual foreigners, against Chinese who were dealing with foreigners (among <BR> them. Chinese Christians) and laid siege to diplomatic quarter of Beijing, <BR> which held out for 55 days until relief forces arrived. Most prominent victim <BR> of Boxer violence was German ambassador von Ketteler. The Boxer re- <BR> bellion was quickly dispersed by an international force; the Chinese govt. <BR> obliged herself to pay heavy war indemnity <BR> British South Africa Company, driving force Cecil Rhodes. Chartered in <BR> 1889, acquired Matabeleland and Mashonaland (Southern Rhodesia), <BR> Northern Rhodesia; administrated these colonies until 1923, when the <BR> British government took over. Among the most successful chartered <BR> companies in Africa. <BR> Historic state located in modern Uganda, est. in the 16th century. In the <BR> late 19th century, Muslim, Protestant and Catholic <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#missionaries">missionaries</A> vied for <BR> influence; in 1892 Kingdom declared I.B.E.A.C. <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#protectorate">protectorate</A>; in 1893 <BR> British Protectorate. The Lunatic Express was constructed to establish <BR> transportation and communication between Buganda and the coast. <BR> Click <A HREF = "../../region/eastafrica/xuganda.html">here</A> for more information <BR> In 1886, Britain and Germany agreed to no longer recognize <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#zanzibar">Zanzibar</A>'s <BR> sovereignty over the East African coast, and split up the region into <BR> German and British spheres of interest. The D.O.A.G. (German East <BR> Africa Company) established stations along the coast, which threatened <BR> the economic interests of the local merchants (competition; monitoring <BR> the illergitimate, but flourishing slave trade). A rebellion, lead by <BR> Bushiri and tacitly supported by the Sultan of Zanzibar broke out; the <BR> D.O.A.G. went bankrupt, the German government had to send troops <BR> to suppress the rebellion, and took over the colony (German East <BR> Africa, present Tanzania). Click <A HREF = "../../military/imperialism/buschiri.html">here</A> for more information <BR> in the 19th century, explorers and missionaries reported the practice of <BR> cannibalism among certain African tribes; the campaign to end <BR> cannibalism provided legitimacy to the colonization of Africa. The <BR> phenomenon of cannibalism was largely restricted to the rainforest <BR> region, where game was scarce and the inhabitants suffered from a <BR> lack of animal protein. Missionaries, as well as colonial administrations, <BR> strove to suppress the practice. <BR> established by the Dutch V.O.C. in 1652, for the purpose of supplying <BR> bypassing V.O.C. ships en route to or from the East Indies with fresh <BR> vegetables (see under Boers). In 1806/1815 ceded by the Dutch to the <BR> British. The British adminitration soon alienated the larger part of the <BR> Dutch population, many of whom moved into the interior of S. Africa in <BR> the Great Trek. The Cape Colony enjoyed political autonomy; when <BR> diamonds were found in <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#kimberley">Kimberley</A> in 1867 (in Griqualandwest, annexed <BR> into the Cape Colony in 1880) and gold was found in the adjacent <BR> <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#transvaal">Transvaal</A> in 1886, immigration into the Cape Colony picked up. Under <BR> PM Cecil Rhodes, the Cape Colony got involved in his schemes of <BR> colonial expansion, which lie at the root of the Boer War (1899-1902). <BR> In 1910 the Cape Colony, Natal, the Orange River Colony and the <BR> Transvaal founded the Union of South Africa. Click <A HREF = "../../region/southafrica/xsafrica.html">here</A> for more <BR> information <BR> plan, conceived by Cecil Rhodes, to connect Cape Town and Cairo <BR> by a railroad constructed in an uninterrupted chain of British colonies/ <BR> protectorates. The <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#fashodacrisis">Fashoda Crisis</A> of 1898 evolved over the issue, <BR> which concept - Cape to Cairo (Br.) or <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#dd">Dakar to Djibouti</A> (French) pre- <BR> vailed. The British only acquired the last missing piece in an uninter- <BR> rupted chain of territories in 1916/1920 (German East Africa, then <BR> renamed Tanganyika). The railway was never constructed <BR> Territory which legally is the property of the colonial government, in <BR> contrast to <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#protectorate">Protectorates</A>. <BR> 1903-1905. The Congo Reform Association, based in England, criti- <BR> cized the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#congofreestate">Congo Free State</A> for atrocities committed against the native <BR> population. The Free State did not collect a monetary tax, but charged <BR> the male Congolese to deliver a certain aomunt of rubber per month. <BR> The Congo Free State (in contrast to most colonies in Africa) made <BR> profit. Among the critics of the Congo Free State were Mark Twain, <BR> Joseph Conrad and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. In 1908 the Congo Free <BR> State was taken over by the Belgian Govt., became the Belgian Congo. <BR> established in 1885 as a colony without motherland, with King Leopold II. <BR> as sovereign, a free state because the Belgian parliament rejected any <BR> responsibility. Contrary to most colonies in Africa, the Congo Free State <BR> had to manage without subsidies from the motherland. Rubber collected <BR> by the indigenous (rubber tax) provided for the largest share of the state <BR> revenue; the Congo provided c.40 % of world rubber production. In 1903, <BR> reports about atrocities committed in the Congo and the activity of the <BR> Congo Reform Association exposed the administration of the Congo Free <BR> State to international criticism (<A HREF = "hdhimp.html#congocrisis">Congo Crisis</A>). In 1908 Belgium took over <BR> the Congo Free State, heavily indebted to Belgian banks, and renamed it <BR> Belgian Congo. Click <A HREF = "../../region/centrafrica/xcongol.html">here</A> for more information <BR> Colony belonging to the British crown, not to a company chartered by <BR> the British Govt. <BR> a concept French colonial politicians developed to counter Cecil Rhodes' <BR> <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#cc">Cape to Cairo</A> project - a railway line connecting Dakar in West Africa with <BR> Djibouti on the Red Sea. In 1898 French and British military expeditions <BR> met at the Nile, causing the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#fashodacrisis">Fashoda Crisis</A> - the French gave in, hat <BR> was the end of the Dakar to Djibouti project. <BR> as opposed to indirect rule; situation in which the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#eic">East India Company</A> / <BR> the British Government directly administered stretches of Indian <BR> (Malaysian) territory. In <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#frindochina">French Indochina</A>, also territories under direct <BR> and indirect administration are to be distinguished. <BR> In general, the colonies were regarded - by chartered companies as <BR> well as by governments, as economic dependencies of the motherland. <BR> Education of the native population was regarded responsibility of the <BR> <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#missionaries">missionaries</A>; the colonial administration established a few government <BR> schools in the urban centers catering for the white children, and voca- <BR> tional schools, teaching skills/crafts to a few natives. The missionaries <BR> established very few private institutions of higher learning open for the <BR> natives. <BR> (British) East India Company, founded as a company enjoying the mono- <BR> poly (among English competition, that is) for trade east of the Cape of <BR> Good Hope, in 1600. Insignificant until England acquired Bombay in 1661. <BR> With the victorious Battle of Plassey 1757 the E.I.C. acquired Bengal; <BR> in the early 19th century the E.I.C. expanded rapidly, establishing her <BR> rule over India in a combination of direct and indirect rule. The <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#sepoyrebellion">Sepoy <BR> Rebellion</A> of 1857-1858 resulted in bankrupcy of the E.I.C.; her assets <BR> were taken over by the British government. Click <A HREF = "../../region/india/tleic.html">here</A> for more information <BR> 1904 agreement between England and France, which ended tension <BR> over colonial interests in Africa. France recognized Britain's hold <BR> on Egypt, Britain accepted France's claim on Morocco. Although not <BR> an alliance, the expression Entente was used to describe the allies <BR> in World War I. <BR> established in 1860 in Shanghai, to protect city from the Taiping Rebels. <BR> Several thousand Chinese soldiers commanded by British officers <BR> (Chinese Gordon). Disbanded in 1864. As the name says, never de- <BR> feated. <BR> Fashoda is located where the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#cc">Cape to Cairo</A> and <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#d">Dakar to Djibouti</A> lines <BR> cross, in the Sudan. In 1898, French and British military units met here <BR> Both attempting to claim the territory for their respective country, they <BR> camped in sight of each other and reported the situation to their <BR> respective governments. The crisis was solved by negotiation; the French <BR> withdrew their claim. <BR> 1883-1885, French conquest of Annam and Tonkin, which were Chinese <BR> vassalls. French victory. <BR> France acquired Cochinchina in 1859, Cambodia in 1863, Annam and <BR> Tonkin in 1885, Laos in 1893. In 1887 the French colonies in Southeast <BR> Asia were federated to form French Indochina (French until 1954). <BR> Click <A HREF = "../../region/seasia/xfrindochina.html">here</A> for more information <BR> colonial administrations regarded treatment of the natives responsibility <BR> of the missionaries. Hospitals were first established with the object to <BR> treat the white population. However, measures were undertaken to <BR> eradicate infections diseases (sleeping sickness etc.), and occasio- <BR> nally, governmnt hospitals treated cases of injured/sick Africans. The <BR> hippocratic oath forbids medical doctors to discriminate against patients. <BR> imposed in a number of colonies to (a) raise revenue and (b) to pressu- <BR> rize the natives into taking on jobs in railway construction, plantations <BR> and mines. Most colonial budgets were deficitary; the plantaton owners, <BR> railway construction companies and mine owners complained about a <BR> shortage of labour. The hut tax caused rebellions, for instance in Sierra <BR> Leone. <BR> a form of rule in which the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#eic">E.I.C.</A>, or, in her succession, the administration <BR> of British India exercised influence on the administration of an Indian state <BR> by appointing an advisor to the respective Maharaja; there were over 500 <BR> such states, of various size, in which these advisors made the political <BR> decisions. When the British withdrew from India, these princely states were <BR> given the choice to join India or Pakistan. Jammu & Kashmir, Hyderabad, <BR> Mysore, Baluchistan were among the larger of these. Also applied by the <BR> British in Malaya, by the French in <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#frindochina">Indochina</A>. <BR> Chinese term for a series of treaties the Chinese Qing administration <BR> signed with western powers, under military pressure, beginning with the <BR> Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) 1842 which ended the Opium War, and ending <BR> with the Chinese Revolution of 1911. Includes Treaties of Aigun 1858 and of <BR> Peking (Beijing) 1860 with Russia etc. <BR> at Kimberley in 1868 diamonds were found; the place turned out to be the <BR> world's largest diamond mine. Located in Griqualandwest, which was an- <BR> nexed by Britain in 1871, incorporated into the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#capecolony">Cape Colony</A> in 1880. Cecil <BR> Rhodes merged the various claims into De Beers, a quasi-monopolist in <BR> world diamond trade. <BR> founded by American philanthropists who purchased land on the coast, <BR> where they settled freed slaves returned from America. In 1847 Liberia <BR> was granted independence. Relations between Americanized settlers and <BR> local inhabitants were problematic; the republic was dominated by the <BR> settlers and their descendants. During the Scramble for Africa, Liberia <BR> maintained her independence. Click <A HREF = "../../region/westafrica/xliberia.html">here</A> for more information <BR> nickname for a railroad constructed from Mombasa inland into British East <BR> Africa 1896-1901, 'Lu' after colonial administrator Frederick Lugard. The <BR> aim was to establish communication with Uganda; the interior of modern <BR> Kenya offered little to justify the expense. Kenya's capital Nairobi grew <BR> out of a <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#railroads">railway</A> construction camp. Lions proved a problem, as they <BR> entered the railway construction camps, killed and carried of workers. <BR> Workers from India were brought into British East Africa to construct the <BR> railway. <BR> in Islam a term corresponding to Messiah, 'the Expected One', a person <BR> of who is believed that God speaks through him. A person claiming to be <BR> Mahdi collected followers in the Sudan, challenged Egyptian rule in 1884 <BR> and took Sudan's capital Khartoum in 1885. He died shortly after; the <BR> state he left behind is the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#mahdiyya">Mahdiyya</A>. <BR> state established by the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#mahdi">Mahdi</A>, in the Sudan, 1884; conquered by the <BR> British in 1898. Click <A HREF = "../../region/northafrica/sudan18821898.html">here</A> for more information <BR> in German East Africa (modern Tanzania) 1905-1907. Caused by re- <BR> pressive measures implemented by the administration, and by raised <BR> taxes. The rebels believed to have magic which would turn the German <BR> bullets into water. The rebellion covered a large area in the southern <BR> region of German East Africa, involving a number of ethnic groups. But <BR> when the magic failed to deliver, the rebels were despirited. The German <BR> treatment of the rebels was of such a kind hat it caused protests in <BR> Germany. <BR> (also called Ndebele) branch of the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#zulu">Zulu</A> who in 1823 moved out of the <BR> Natal region to escape Shaka Zulu. Adopting the Zulu fighting strategy, <BR> they established the Matabele Empire in what is modern Zimbabwe, <BR> pressing the majority Shona people into submission. In a charter in 1889 <BR> King Lobengula unwillingly signed sovereignty over to Cecil Rhodes' <BR> <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#bsac">British South Africa Company</A>; Matabeleland was conquered by <BR> Rhodes' men in 1890-1893, and called Rhodesia. Click <A HREF = "../../region/southafrica/matabele.html">here</A> for <BR> more information <BR> In the early 19th century, both Protestant and Catholic missionaries <BR> moved to Africa, the Pacific, to many parts of Asia where missiona- <BR> ries had not gone before. They came unarmed, placed themselves <BR> at the mercy of the locals, offered education, medical skills, crafts. <BR> Seeing their life's accomplishment threatened by internecine warfare, <BR> slave trade, tribal intrigues, missionaries often appealed to the Euro- <BR> pean powers for protection. The killing of missionaries, in a number <BR> of instances, was regarded sufficient justification by European powers <BR> to undertake military action (French expedtion against Korea 1866, for <BR> example). <BR> statement by the U.S. government that it would resist any attempt by <BR> any European government to establish a new colony anywhere on <BR> the American continent, 1823. A bluff at a time when most European <BR> nations regaded colonial policy deficitary. <BR> France, in the early 20th century, aimed at the acquisition of Morocco; <BR> in bilateral agreements with England, Italy and Spain she gained the <BR> acceptance of the respective governments. Yet Germany refused to <BR> accept a French protectorate over Morocco; the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#algeciras">Conference of Algeciras</A> <BR> 1906 failed to produce a result. Only when France made territorial <BR> concessions to Germany in the Congo region in 1911, did Germany <BR> withdraw her objections; Morocco was partitioned between France and <BR> Spain. First M. Crisis 1906, Second M. Crisis 1911. <BR> common form of punishment for crimes in pre-colonial Africa. During <BR> the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#congocrisis">Congo Crisis</A>, the administration of the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#congofreestate">Congo Free State</A> was ac- <BR> cused of having practised or at least tolerated mutiltion. <BR> following the events of 1895-1898, the Imperialist powers contemplated <BR> the partitioning of China. In 1899 U.S. Secretary of State John Hay <BR> suggested an Open Door Policy being applied to China, i.e. the country <BR> remaining undivided, and open to merchants of all interested nations. <BR> While no government formally signed up to this policy, China was not <BR> partitioned and the policy was applied. <BR> The U.S. was long interested in establishing a canal across the isthm <BR> in Central America. At first a Nicaragua Canal was planned, because <BR> Colombia objected to a U.S. operated Panama Canal. A French attempt <BR> to construct the Panama Canal failed (de Lesseps 1882-1889); in 1903 <BR> Panama (with U.S. support) declared independence from Colombia; <BR> 1903-1914 construction, 1914 opening. <BR> Large agricultural estates producing crops for export, usually in mono- <BR> culture. The colonial companies/governments confiscated land regar- <BR> ded not under cultivation and permitted immigrant settlers to claim <BR> large chunks of it for minimal fees. The plantation owners, using cheap <BR> local labour, produced crops for export; they depended on transporta- <BR> tion (railway, roads, navigable rivers) and frequently complained about <BR> a perceived lack of labour respecively about the perceived lazyness <BR> of their workers (which were paid extremely low wages). <BR> among some pre-colonial African societies an accepted method to <BR> prove one's innocence - to drink liquid poison. If the accused person <BR> survived the incident, his innocent was regarded proven. <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#missinaries">Missionaries</A> <BR> attempted to abolish the practice. <BR> based on a treaty, one political entity accepts the protection of the <BR> other. On paper, the protecting power assumed responsibility for <BR> defense and foreign representation; usually it also interfered with <BR> domestic affairs. In many cases the term 'protectorate' was a cover for <BR> colonial rule, in others the protecting power interfered minimally in the <BR> domestic affairs of the protectorate (Swaziland, Basutoland, Bechuana- <BR> land). In many cases, protectorates preserved the political entities in <BR> question, while colonial rule created new political entities. <BR> until far into the 19th century Europeans avoided Africa's interior, es- <BR> pecially the tropical regions, for fear of infectious diseases (malaria <BR> etc.); mortality was high. British explorer William Balfour Baikie in an <BR> expedition up the Niger and Benue Rivers in 1854 proved the effective- <BR> ness of quinine in preventing such infections; he did not loose one <BR> man. Quinine had been isolated in 1820. <BR> The African continent has few navigable rivers. During the Scramble <BR> for Africa, colonial powers/companies needed to open up the hinter- <BR> land of the coast; in this context, railroad construction was of great <BR> importance. Costly and slow in progress, as parts as well as techni- <BR> cians had to be imported, obtaining the funds to finance a railrod was <BR> very difficult. Typically the lines began at a coastal port and progres- <BR> sed inland, facilitating the export of plantation crops and of minerals. <BR> begun by the Japanese who declared war after the opening of hostili- <BR> ties; fought over Korea and Manchuria. The Japanese enjoyed the <BR> sympathies of the British (who denied the Russian fleet permission to <BR> pass through the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#suezcanal">Suez Canal</A>); the Russians were hampered in their <BR> efforts because the Transib was not yet completed. In the Treaty of <BR> Portsmouth 1905, Russia ceded Port Arthur and the southern half of <BR> Sakhalin to Japan; Korea and the southern half of Manchuria became <BR> Japanese sphere of influence. <BR> also referred to as the Indian or Sepoy mutiny. The <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#eic">E.I.C.</A> in the 1840es <BR> fought a series of wars; her territory expanded rapidly. The wars were <BR> fought with a force of British officers and native Indian soldiers, the latter <BR> referred to as Sepoys (Sipahis). In 1857 a new drill method was intro- <BR> duced, requiring soldiers to pull bullets out of cartridges with their teeth; <BR> the bullets had been greased in animal fat. Both Hindu and Muslim <BR> sepoys were horrified by that prospect; a mutiny broke out, which spread <BR> rapidly. The rebels committed massacres among the British residents; <BR> the E.I.C. went broke; British soldiers were called in to restore order <BR> (1858). The Sepoy Rebellion is regarded the first national-Indian event in <BR> the history of modern India. <BR> Freetown (Sierra Leone) 1808, Bathurst (Gambia) 1819, Liberia 1827, <BR> Libreville (Gabon) 1848, Lagos (Nigeria) 1830es/1861. <BR> stretch of the West African coast. The (British) Sierra Leone Company <BR> traded here; in 1808 Freetown was established as a settlement for freed <BR> slaves. It also became the logistical center for the British fleet patrolling <BR> the coast in order to intercept ships engaged in the <A HREF = "hdhimp.html#slavetrade">slave trade</A>. When <BR> many new colonies were stablished in the 1880es, Sierra Leone was <BR> recruiting area for African soldiers, to serve on colonies elsewhere. <BR> Click <A HREF = "../../region/westafrica/xsleone.html">here</A> for more information <BR> went on in Africa before the arrival of the Portuguese. Was a major part <BR> of the European-African trade in the 15th to 18th century; banned by <BR> Denmark in 1792, by England in 1807; by the European powers in 1815. <BR> In the Antlantik, a smuggling trade continued; in Africa's interior the slave <BR> trade, with the feature of destructive slave raids, also continued. The <BR> determination to end this slave trade in the interior was one of the motives <BR> (excuses) for the colonial powers to get involved in African affairs. <BR> historic Sultanate in nw Nigeria, established in the early 19th century <BR> during the Fulani Jihad, Adamawa a Sokoto vassall. Accepted British <BR> sovereignty in 1903 incorporated into Northern Nigeria. Islamic; majority <BR> of inhabitants Haussa <BR> fought between Spain and the U.S.A. which, after the war, obtained most <BR> of the Spanish Colonial Empire 1898 (Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam). <BR> Most of the action took place on Cuba, which after brief U.S. occupation <BR> became independent in 1903. <BR> Colonies in Africa consisted of a network of stations. A station commander <BR> was responsible for the administration of the area; perhaps he had a small <BR> police force at his command. At the station there was a store, perhaps a <BR> missionary, a church, a school. <BR> construction begun, under Ferdinand de Lesseps, in 1859; opened 1869. <BR> Greatly shortened route from London to Bombay, for steamers. In 1882 <BR> Britain took control of Egypt and the Suez Canal. <BR> or Sati, a widow which joins her husband on his funeral pyre; an Indian <BR> practice. In theory voluntary; in practice often in drugged condition. The <BR> practise was banned in the Bengal presidency in 1829. <BR> English name for the Z.A.R. (Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek, a Boer Republic); <BR> official name for her territory (1900) 1902-1990. Joined the Union of South <BR> Africa in 1910. Click <A HREF = "../../region/southafrica/zar.html">here</A> for more information <BR> Until 1842, China's foreign trade was channelled through the port of Canton. <BR> In the following years, international treaties obliged China to open further <BR> ports for international trade, the so-called treaty ports. The most famous : <BR> Shanghai. In these reaty ports, foreign powers often owned concessons. <BR> A phrase coined by British-Indian poet Rudyard Kipling. The white man's <BR> obligation to bring progress to, to enlighten the outside world. A romanti- <BR> cized definition of colonialism. <BR> island off the east coast of mainland Tanzania; historic Swahili trading city, <BR> came under Omani control in 1698; became separate Sultanate in 1841, <BR> which conrolled much of Africa's east coast. The possessions on the <BR> mainland were lost in 1886; Zanzibar herself accepted British protection in <BR> 1890. Click <A HREF = "../../region/eastafrica/xtanzania.html">here</A> for more information <BR> Bantu ethnicity in eastern South Africa, which early in the 19th century, <BR> under Shaka Zulu, established an Empire based on military expansion, <BR> causing a number of ethnicities to flee the area (Mfecane). In 1879 defeated <BR> a British force in Battle of Isandlhwana; in 1887 the British Empire annexed <BR> Zululand; incorporated into Natal in 1897. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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