ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Culture and the Arts in the Interbellum </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tlibarts.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 9th 2005 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Culture and the Arts during the Interbellum </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdibarts.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Babelsberg</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Film studios in Berlin. In the 1920es one of Europe's most productive and famous studios (UFA). When Hitler came to power, most of Germany's accomplished movie directors and a good number of actors left the country, many ending up in Hollywood. Babelsberg then produced movies fitting into Nazi propaganda (until 1945). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Bauhaus</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> art and architecture school in Weimar, later Dessau, Germany that operated from 1919 to 1933. Founder Walter Gropius. Closed down by the Nazis. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Bob Cut</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> fashionable ladies' hairstyle in the 1920es; expressed social freedom gained by women after World War I. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Burning of the Books</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> On May 10th 1933 students of the Humboldt University in Berlin (all members of Nazi organizations) staged the "burning of the books' - books by Jewish, Communist, Pacifist authors, books regarded perverse or not fitting in with Nazi ideology. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Cabaret</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> form of performing art developed in Paris in the 19th century. Spread to cities elsewhere in the Interbellum. Cabarets contained a variety of programs, both artistic and critical-provocative; the latter breaking traditional sexual taboos or making fun of daily politics. They indicate a breakdown in censorship. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "#chst"><B>Charleston</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> a <A HREF = "#dance">dance</A> originating from Charleston, Georgia (U.S.) 1923; became popular in dance halls all over the world; together with the <A HREF = "#tango">Tango</A> the characteristic dance of the 1920es. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Cinema</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In an age when movies became a favourite form of art, but people did not yet have tv, it became customary for people to go to the movies about once a week. Weekly newsreels would precede the movie of the day. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "dadaism"><B>Dadaism</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Artform which expressed the disgust of artists with World War I; emerged in Switzerland. Ugly on purpose. Believed to have emerged in 1916; painter Max Ernst, poet Tristan Tzara famous Dadaists. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "dance"><B>Dance</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Before WW I, the most fashionable dance was the Waltz; in the 1920es the <A HREF = "#chst">Charleston</A> and <A HREF = "#tango">Tango</A> became popular - expressing a shift toward less regulated, more creative, more athletic respectively sensitive dance. The dance hall used to be a place where she could meet him and vice versa, where etiquette was important; in the 1920es it became a place of free expression; contests were held, such as marathon dances. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> "Degenerate Art" </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdibger.html#degenerateart">Imterbellum Germany</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Film</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> a new medium, invented by the brothers Lumiere (France) in 1895, Became an industry in the 1920es; cinemas mushroomed. Silent movies in the early and mid 1920es, then transfer to talkies. Black and White; colour movies came up in the 1940es. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Golden Twenties</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> An expression describing the productive performing arts scene of the 1920es, in comparision to the Belle Epoque wild, free, creative. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Jazz</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Music genre developed in the U.S.; allows for a high degree of creative input of the performing musician. Became popular in Europe in the 1920es; rejected by the Nazis. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "mv"><B>Malverbot</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> German term, translating to an order forbidding an art painter to continue producing works of art. Such orders (and similar orders directed at sculptors, novelists) were issued in Nazi Germany. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Olympic Games</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The games for 1916 were cancelled; 1920 at Antwerp. Belgium; 1924 at Paris, France; 1924 first Winter Games held at Chamonix, France; 1928 (summer) at Amsterdam, NL; for the first time, women participated in separate events; 1932 at Los Angeles; 1936 at Berlin, Germany, the latter event exploited by Nazi propaganda. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Propaganda</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> By monopolizing hold on the media, imposing censorship and exploiting the arts to propagate their respective ideology / spread their values, the Fascists in Italy, Communists in Russia and Nazis in Germany used propaganda. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "radio"><B>Radio</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> first radio broadcast in history 1906; radio stations mushroomed in the early 1920es. Now listeners at home could enjoy concert music, audio plays, receive the news; radios contributed to the spread of populr music, at home and abroad. Used by the Fascists, Communists and Nazis for propaganda purpose (They replaced the word Radio (a foreign loanword) by "Rundfunk" (a composite created of German words) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Reichskulturkammer</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Organization created by the Nazis to control artists (writers, singers, musicians); only members were allowed to practise their arts. Issued orders prohibiting non-conformists members to write / compose / perform. Title translated to <i>Imperial Chamber of Culture</i>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Reichskammer der Bildenden K&uuml;nste</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Title translates to <i>Imperial Chamber of Constructive Arts</i>; organisation established by the Nazis to control artists (painters, sculptors, architects); only members were allowed to practise their art; issued orders prohibiting non-conformist artists to practise their art (<A HREF = "#mv">Malverbot</A>). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Soccer</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A sport which grew to become the most popular mass sport woerldwide in the 1920es. <A HREF = "#radio">Radio</A> reports about games, newspapers contributed to the development of the sport; Fascist Italy discovered spots as a means to distract people from economic and political reality, promoted sports. First World Cup staged in Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1930, won by Uruguay. Italy won the cups held in Rome 1934 and Paris 1938 </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Socialist Realism</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Official art style in the Soviet Union; Maxim Gorki 1933 : <i>On Socialist Realism"</i>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Surrealism</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Art style which replaced <A HREF = "#dadaism">Dadaism</A> as the dominant style in the free world in the mid 1920es and lasted into the 1940es (and beyond). Picasso had a surrealist phase, Dali was Surrealist. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "tango"><B>Tango</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "#dance">dance</A>, originated in Buenos Aires in the 1890es; spread to the U.S. in 1913, to Europe even before that. Regarded scandalous by conservatives. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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