ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Iberian Peninsula </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tlspain.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on April 29th 2005 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Iberian Peninsula </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdibpen.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Andorra</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> For centuries a condominium, jointly owned by the Bishops of Urgel (Spain) and the Counts of Foix (France), landlocked, located in the Pyrenees. Since 1789 France claimed the share of the Counts of Foix. In 1993 Andorra was given independence. Click <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xandorra.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> After being ruled by Spain since 1580, Portugal restored her independence in 1640, with British support, under the new Bragan&ccedil;a Dynasty. Ever since, Portugal was a British ally (i.e. Portugal benefitted from British protection). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "aragon"><B>Aragon</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A kingdom since 1035; from small origins, on the southern slopes of the Pyrenees, it expanded, gained <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#catalonia">Catalonia</A>, <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#valencia">Valencia</A>, then expanded overseas (Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily, Naples, Athens). In 1479 Ferdinand, husband of Queen Isabella of Castile, was crowned King of Aragon. Ferdinand was succeeded by his grandson, future Emperor Charles V.; Aragon and <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#castile">Castile</A> were united in Dynastic Union. Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia maintained separate Estates (<A HREF = "hdibpen.html#cortes">Cortes</A>); Spain for centuries maintained a federal structure. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "barcelona"><B>Barcelona</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In the late middle ages, Barcelona competed with Pisa, Genoa and Venice for a share in the Mediterranean trade; Aragon's main port; main Spanish port on the Mediterranean; the heart of Catalonia. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Basques</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A people living in northern Spain and southwestern France, speaking a language not related to Spanish and French. Within Castile the Basque Lands long enjoyed political autonomy, which was curtailed in the 19th century (as the Basque lands were support base for the Carlists) and even further during the <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#fdict">Franco-Dictatorship</A>, when usage of Euskadi, the Basque language, was prohibited. The ETA Militar, a Basque separatist group, began a terrorist campaign in the 1960es. Although the Basques, within democratic Spain, enjoy political autonomy, the ETA campaign for independence has not ceased. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Bourbon Dynasty</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Dynasty ruling France 1598-1792. Philip of Anjou, a Bourbon, succeeded to the Spanish throne in 1705; the dynasty ruled Spain ever since, with brief interruptions. The Bourbon Dynasty inroduced a policy of modernization (Mercantilism; Expulsion of the Jesuits). Sidelines were established in Naples and Parma. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Bragan&ccedil;a Dynasty</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Ruled Portugal from 1640 to 1910, when P. became a Republic. A sideline ruled Brazil until 1888. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Carlists</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The Carlists contested the succession of Queen Isabel II. to the Spanish throne in 1833. The Carlists argued that Isabel's uncle, Carlos, should have succeeded instead of her. There were three Carlist Was, <A HREF = "../../military/19cen/carlist1.html">1833-1840</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/19cen/matiner.html">1846-1849</A> and <A HREF = "../../military/19cen/carlist18721876.html">1872-1876</A>, all three unsuccessful. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "castile"><B>Castile</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Medieval Kingdom (since 1035) in central Spain, capital Burgos. Expanded during the Reconquista. Absorbed the Kingdom of Leon in 1230. Castile became the dominant force within Spain (Castile and <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#aragon">Aragon</A> in Dynastic Union since 1516). Castilian parliament the <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#cortes">Cortes</A>. The dominant social group were the Hidalgos (nobility). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "catalonia"><B>Catalonia</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> County in northeastern Spain, the political and economic centre of which is Barcelona. In 1137 Catalonia and <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#aragon">Aragon</A> were united in Dynastic Union. Within Aragon, Catalonia maintained her regional identity, the core organization is the Generalidad (parliament); Catalan is regarded a language of its own, with c. 10 million speakers. Within Spain, Catalonia revolted in 1640-1649, supported Charles III. in the War of Spanish Succession, was a support base for the epublicans in <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#spcivwar">Spain's Civil War</A>. Catalonia is one of Spain's more industrialized regions. In Catalan : Catalunya. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "comuneros"><B>Comuneros</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Rebellion of Castile's cities 1520-1521, against excessive taxation. King Carlos I. (= Emperor Charles V.) sided with the nobles against the cities; the rebellion was suppressed, the political domintion of crown and nobility over the cities established. Click <A HREF = "../../military/16cen/comuneros.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "cortes"><B>Cortes</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> While Spain was regarded as a unified kingdom and great power in European diplomacy, in reality it was a federation held together by the dynasty. <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#castile">Castile</A>, <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#aragon">Aragon</A>, <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#valencia">Valencia</A> etc. had separate representative bodies called Cortes, in which the clergy, nobility and the third estate, i.e. the cities, were represented. Spain's modern parliament still is called Cortes. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>El Escorial</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Monastery of monumental scale, Renaissance edifice, constructed at the order of King Philip II. of Spain 1563ff., outside of Madrid </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "eta"><B>ETA</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Euskadi Ta Azkatasuna, which translates to Basque Homeland and Freedom. Emerged as a terrorist organization which fought the <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#fdict">Franco Dictatorship</A>'s hold of the Basque Country. Since 1975 Spain has undergone transition to democracy; the Basque country has been granted political autonomy. Still, ETA has not given up her struggle yet. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Expulsion of the Jews</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Muslim Spain had a large Jewish population (see <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#sephardim">Sephardic Jews</A>). When the Reconquista as completed in 1492, these Jews were told (by the <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#spinquisition">Spanish Inquisition</A>) to either convert to Catholicism or emigrate. Many chose emigration, moving to North Africa or into the Ottoman Empire. Over centuries, the descendants of these Spanish Jews, the largest community of whom lived in Salonica (now Greece), continued to speak a Spanish dialect, Ladino. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Falange</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> derived from Greek Phalanx. A nationalist political party founded by Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933, modelled after Italy's Fascist Party. Later reorganized by Genral-Dictator Francisco Franco; the dominant political force in Spain 1939-1975. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "fdict"><B>Franco Dictatorship</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> established after the <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#spcivwar">Spanish Civil War</A> in 1939. Spain stayed neutral during World War II. Despite Franco's ties to Hitler and Mussolini, the Allies did not question Franco's hold on Spain, but treated him like an outcast. Franco held on to political power until his death in 1975. During the Franco years, the political opposition suffered persecution; Spain had a poor human rights record. Economically it lagged far behind the EEC countries. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Gibraltar</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Small peninsula with a port. British since 1704, it permits the British Navy to control the Straits of Gibraltar. Spain frequently made attempts to regain Gibraltar, without success. Spain in 1967 imposed an economic blockade on Gibraltar, lifted only in 1982/1985. C. 30,000 inhabitants. Click <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xgibraltar.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "granada"><B>Granada</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Historic city in Andalucia (Southern Spain), until 1492 capital of the last Muslim Emirate in Spain, ruled by the Nasrid Dynasty, which resided in the Alhambra (palace). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Guerilla</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Literally, little war. Has been defined by Spain's <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#popwar">Popular War</A> 1808-1813 against the French occupation force; not fought by regular soldiers/armies abiding by the laws of war, but by irregular combattants acting by their own rules. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Guernica</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Small city in Spain's Basque country, which was in Republican Spain in 1937 when bombed by German air force pilots during <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#spcivwar">Spain's Civil War</A>. The event was brought to worldwide attention in 1938 by Picasso's painting titled Guernica. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Habsburg Dynasty </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Ruled Spain from 1516 to 1700. See under <A HREF = "hdabs.html#habsburgdyn">Absolutism</A>. Spanish for knight. Two of the most important works of Spanish literature, </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Hidalgo</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> El Cid and Don Quixote, feature hidalgos. Both the <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#reconquista">Reconquista</A> and the Spanish conquest of the Americas were achieved largely to the credit of hidalgos. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Infantry</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> From the early 16th century to the Battle of Rocroi 1643, the Spanish infantry was regarded the best of her kind. Interestingly, the word infantry is derived from 'infant'. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Jesuit Order</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Founded by Spaniard Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, in the course of the Counterreformation the Jesuit Order was charged with controlling and facilitating higher education (as well as censorship), and was richly endowed. Expelled from Spain in 1767; the order's possessions were confiscated. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "madrid"><B>Madrid</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A city of minor importance, until King Philip II. in 1561 moved his court there. Capital of Spain ever since. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Marranos</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Crypto-Jews, professing Catholicism to the outside (after having been forced to convert) and practising Judaism in secret. The <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#spinquisition">Spanish Inquisition</A> regarded such behaviour as punishable by death. Marranos lived under the threat of being denounced, tortured and executed from the late 15th until the late 18th century. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Moriscos</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Muslims living in Spain, under Spanish rule. They were under pressure to convert or emigrate; there were two major Morisco rebellions, in 1499 and in <A HREF = "../../military/16cen/moriscos.html">1568-1571</A>. After the latter, the Moriscos either emigrated or converted. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "navarra"><B>Navarra</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Historic Kingdom located in Northern Spain, extending into southwestern France. Capital Pamplona. Dates back into the 9th century. In 1515, the larger part of Navarra, to the south of the Pyrenees, was conquered and annexed by <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#aragon">Aragon</A>. The remainder of Navarra in 1589 was united in Dynastic Union with France, annexed into France during the French Revolution. Click <A HREF = "../../region/spain/navarra.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "popularfront"><B>Popular Front</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A coalition established in 1936 by Spain's Socialists, Communists and Republicans (a democratic branch of the Anarchist movement). They won the general election of 1936 and went on to form the government; the Nationalists rose in rebellion, supported by church and landowners. The Nationalists won the civil war in 1939; the Popular Front govt, was succeeded by the <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#fdict">Franco Dictatorship</A>. In Spanish : Frente Popular </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "popwar"><B>Popular War</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1808-1813. Spanish response to Napoleon's scheme, forcing the Bourbon Dynasty to resign and enthroning his brother Joseph as King of Spain. The Popular War was a Guerilla war which defined the latter expression. While the French forces controlled the battlefield, Spain was described an ulcer in Napoleonic Europe. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Portugal</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A Kingdom since 1139, it expanded southward in the <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#reconquista">Reconquista</A>. Portugal began the Era of (European) Discovery and, in the 16th century, established her colonial empire, based on sugar production and trade in spices, luxurious textiles and porcelain. In Dynastic Union with Spain 1580-1640, Portugal lost her supremacy in the Indian Ocean trade to the Dutch, in sugar production to the Caribbean. Independence regained in 1640; a Republic since 1910, rightist dictatorship 1926-1974; joined the EU in 1986. Capital Lisbon. Click <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xportugal.html">here</A> for moe information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "reconquista"><B>Reconquista</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Spanish for Reconquest. Most of Spain had come under Muslim rule in the 8th century. In the mountanous north, a number of tiny christian principalities emerged which, over the next couple of centuries, expanded southward. By 1250, only the Muslim <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#granada">Emirate of Granada</A> was left; it as conquered by the combined forces of <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#castile">Castile</A> and <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#aragion">Aragon</A> in 1492. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Salazar Dictatorship</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Portugal was a dictatorship from 1926 to 1974. The dictatorship is widely associated with Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, Prime Minister from 1932 to 1968. Terminated by the <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#velvetrev">Velvet Revolution</A> of 1974. By comparison with contemporary Spain, Portugal had a less bad human rights record. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "sephardim"><B>Sephardic Jews</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Jews who descend from the medieval Spanish Jewish community. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "spain"><B>Spain</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In Spanish : Espa&ntilde;a, from Latin Hispania. Until the early 16th century a geographic expression. As a state, Spain was conceived by the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469; united in permanent Dynastic Union in 1516. While Spain, to the outside appeared as a great power, internally it was a federation held together by the dynasty. The regional parliaments (see under <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#cortes">Cortes</A>) zealously guarded their privileges; <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#castile">Castile</A> supported Habsburg policies, while <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#aragon">Aragon</A> tried to keep their financial contributons at a minimum. Attempts by the Madrid administration to imose centralization were temporarily successful, but regarded as oppressive. The Catalan rebellion of 1640-1649, the War of Spanish Succession 1701-1714, the Carlist Wars and the <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#spcivwar">Spanish Civil War</A> were major domestic conflicts. Established a huge colonial empire in the 16th century, ruined by costly wars; pursued a conservative economic policy and forbade the import of books. Under the Bourbon Dynasty, cautious economic reforms; failure to catch up with central Europe in the 19th and early 20th century. Neutral in WW I and WW II. <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#fdict">Franco-Dictatorship</A> 1939-1975; joined EU in 1986. Capital <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#madrid">Madrid</A>; constitutional monarchy. Click <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xspain.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "spcivwar"><B>Spanish Civil War</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> When a Popular Front Government was elected in 1936, conservative army units rose in revolt, supported by the landowners and the church; Spain split in the Republican and Nationalist camps. Many volunteers from other countries came, most of them supporting the Republicans. Britain, France, Italy and Germany agreed to contain the war by preventing arms imports; Germany and Italy penly supported the Nationalists, which were victorious in 1939. Click <A HREF = "../../region/spain/civilwar.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "spinquisition"><B>Spanish Inquisition</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Institution created in the late 15th century, charged with the conversion of Spain's Muslims and Jews, with dealing with heretics and witches. A combinaton of a secular and a church institution; instituted by the king, run by priests, with the right to torture their prisoners. Operated until the late 18th century. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Spanish Road</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Road starting at Genoa, via Milan, Graub&uuml;nden. the Alsace to the Netherlands; main artery connecting Spain and Italy with the Spanish Netherlands. Cut when the French acquired part of the Alsace (1648). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Treaty of Tordesillas</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Treaty mediated by Pope Alexander VI., signed by Spain and Portugal, in which both countries agreed to split the world outside of Europe in a Spanish and a Portuguese sphere. Not recognized by other powers. 1494. In 1525 complemented by the Treaty of Zaragoza; in 1777 amended by the Treaty of San Ildefonso. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "valencia"><B>Valencia</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> City and historic kingdom in eastern Spain. Conquered by <A HREF = "hdibpen.html#aragon">Aragon</A> in the early 13th century; Valencia maintained a separate identity (<A HREF = "hdibpen.html#cortes">Cortes</A>). Mostly Catalan-speaking. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "velvetrev"><B>Velvet Revolution</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Bloodless coup staged by leftist military officers in Portugal in 1974. They initiated the transition to democracy, granted independence to Portugal's colonies. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> War of Spanish Succession </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwar1718.html#spansucc">Wars of the 17th, 18th Century</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> Douglas L. Wheeler (ed.), <B>Historical Dictionary of Portugal</B>, Scarecrow 2003; KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>R 946.9 W562h</B> <BR> Angel Smith, <B>Historical Dictionary of Spain</B>, Scarecrow 1996, 320 pp.; KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>R 946 S642h</B> <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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