ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : First Industrial Revolution </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tlindrev.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 6th 2005 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : First Industrial Revolution </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdindrev.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "200"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <B>City Walls</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Coal Mining</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Cotton Gin</B> <BR><BR><BR> Factory Act <BR> <B<Guilds</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Laissez-Faire</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Locomotive</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> Luddites <BR> <B>Patent</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Polytechnic</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Power Loom</B> <BR><BR> <B>Railroads</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Spinning Jenny</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Steam Engine</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Steel Industry</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Steamship</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Textile Industry</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Wealth of Nations</B> <BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> In the early 19th century, most cities ordered their city walls to <BR> be razed, as they were an obstacle to railroad construction <BR> and to the expansion of the city. <BR> Before the industrial revolution, coal mines could not reach <BR> deap layers of coal because they filled up with water. Once <BR> Watt's steam engine was used to pump the water out, this <BR> restriction was overcome, and large deposits of coal could <BR> be tapped. The steam engine (and derived applications <BR> such as steam ships, locomotives) required an ever- <BR> growing amount of coal; further coal was used for heating. <BR> Coal mining boomed; boomtowns emerged in coal mining <BR> areas; countries without coal mines lagged behind in indus- <BR> trial development (Italy, France). <BR> a machine designed by Eli Whitney (U.S.) in 1793, which <BR> automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-<BR> staple cotton fiber. <BR> see under Social Consequences <BR> The crafts, sincle the Middle Ages, were organized in guilds; <BR> every guild had a privilege excluding competition within a <BR> certain area. These guilds provided an obstacle for the de- <BR> velopment of a manufacture/factory-based industry. In <BR> England, these guilds came under severe criticism in the <BR> late 18th century, and their privileges were no longer recog- <BR> nized as valid. <BR> an economic policy of non-interference of the state in the <BR> economy (French, literally : let go). Postulated by Adam <BR> Smith; partially implemented by the British government in the <BR> early 19th century (Corn Laws, Navigation Act maintained; <BR> non-interference in factories. <BR> Steam engine on wheels. First application to pull waggons <BR> loaded with coal out of mines (Trevithick 1804), then to pull <BR> waggons loaded with cargo and waggons with persons <BR> from one town to another (Stephenson 1829, railroad). <BR> see under Social Consequences <BR> In the late 18th and early 19th century it was common prac- <BR> tise for inventions to be patented; but in England, it was <BR> complicated, time-consuming and costly; seven offices <BR> were involved. Only in 1852 was the Patent Office estab- <BR> lished. Click <A HREF = "../../period/restauration/patent.html">here</A> for more information <BR> Engineering college. The first polytechniques were founded <BR> in the late 18th century; further polytechniques in the early <BR> 19th century. <BR> patented by Edward Cartwright (UK) in 1785. Mechanized <BR> the weaving process. <BR> The first railroad was built by George Stephenson in 1825 <BR> (Stockton-Darlington). A railroad construction boom ensued; <BR> by 1843 Belgium had a railroad network. A problem - lack <BR> of standardization (different gauge widths), competing lines <BR> connecting the same cities etc. <BR> invented in 1770 by James Hargreaves; automated the spin- <BR> ning process; facilitated the production of cheap yarn in <BR> large amounts; began the mechanization of textile production. <BR> Sloppy expression for Spinning Engine. <BR> First invented by Robert Newcomen in 1705/1712. Newcomen's <BR> engine did not satisfy in regard to effectivity and reliability. Im- <BR> proved by James Watt in 1769. Required by the mining industry <BR> to pump water out of mines, to prevent them from drowning. <BR> Facilitated a revolution in transportation industry (steamship, <BR> locomotive); triggered rising demand of coal, steel. <BR> Attempts to produce steel in large quantities in steel mills <BR> initially were of low quality (had a high content of carbon, thus <BR> the end product broke easily). Sweden produced better quality <BR> iron in small quantities. Until the Bessemer Furnace was de- <BR> veloped in the 1850es; then British industrial steel caught up <BR> in terms of quality. Steel mills were constructed near coal <BR> mines, for it took 9 tons of coal to produce 1 ton of steel. <BR> the steamboat was invented in 1807 by Robert Fulton (U.S.). <BR> Oceangoing steamships required coaling stations. Only just <BR> before WW I did the British Navy switch to Diesel-powered <BR> vessels. <BR> Until the late 18th century, textile production was dominated <BR> by processes which required manual labour - spinning of <BR> wool/cotton into yarn, weaving yarn into cloth, dying cloth. <BR> The inventions of the Spinning Jenny (1770) and the Power <BR> Loom (1785) mechanized the process, requiring less of a <BR> workforce and significantly lowering the costs of yarn and <BR> cloth. <BR> Economic treatise by Adam Smith, published in 1776. He cri- <BR> ticizes Mercantilism, Guilds, Privileges, instead promotes <BR> a Laissez-Faire policy, Free Trade. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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