ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Low Countries </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tllowctr.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on April 25th 2005 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Low Countries </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdlctr.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "adam"><B>Amsterdam</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Until into the 16th century, Amsterdam was a city in the shadow of <A HREF = "#antwerp">Antwerp</A>. Antwerp suffered greatly during the <A HREF = "hdwor.html#dutchrevolt">Dutch Revolt</A>, looted by the Spanish army and then blockaded by the Dutch fleet, which was able to protect Amsterdam. A'dam attracted most of the Dutch Calvinist refugees, and took over the position of the main port in the Rhine-Maas Delta. The capital of the Netherlands (but not the seat of government; that is <A HREF = "#denhaag">Den Haag</A>. From the early 17th to the late 18th century Europe's leading stock exchange and banking center. A book printing center. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "antwerp"><B>Antwerp</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Succeeded Brugge (Bruges) as the Netherlands' main port in the early 15th century, to lose this position to <A HREF = "#adam">Amsterdam</A> toward the end of the 16th century. Conquered by the Spanish in 1585; from then until the end of the 18th century under Dutch blockade; in the 19th century rose again to international importance. Antwerp Bourse, and her Diamond industry of international fame. Located in the Flemish speaking part of <A HREF = "#belgium">Belgium</A>; in Flemish Antwerpen, in French Anvers. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "austneth"><B>Austrian Netherlands</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Name for the Southern Netherlands (with <A HREF = "#luxemburg">Luxemburg</A>, except for the <A HREF = "#pbliege">Princebishopric of Liege</A>) from 1713 to 1794 (1797). Detached from the core of the Austrian Habsburg possessions, the Austrians had great difficulty in defending the region against the French (<A HREF = "hdwar1718.html#polsucc">War of Polish Succession</A> 1733-1735, <A HREF = "hdwar1717.html#austsucc">War of Austrian Succession</A> 1745-1748, First War of the Coalition 1792-1794). Also, Habsburg dynastic interests took precedence over the economic interests of the Austrian Netherlands; even the exchange of the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria was negotiated. Following the well-intended, but arbitrary reforms of Joseph II., the Austrian Netherlands saw the <A HREF = "#brabrev">Brabant Revolution</A> of 1789-1790. Supressed by Austrian forces, the country soon became occupied and annexed by France. Click <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/xaustneth.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "batrep"><B>Batavian Republic</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The (northern) Netherlands 1795-1806. Established by Patriot exiles who returned and took power when the <A HREF = "#dutchrepublic">Dutch Republic</A> was occupied by French troops; transformed into the <A HREF = "#kgdholl">Kingdom of Holland</A> when Napoleon Bonaparte wished to establish a fief for his brother. Click <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/batrep.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Belgian Govt. in Exile</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> During World War I, with most of Belgium occupied by the Germans, the Belgian government took up temporary residence in Le Havre (France). During World War II, Belgian politicians set up an exile government in London, while other Belgian politicians (and King Leopold III.) had stayed behind and formed a government collaborating with the Germans. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Belgian Neutrality</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> When Belgian independence was internationally recognized in 1839, the signatory powers, among them Britain, France and Prussia, recognized Belgian neutrality. <A HREF = "#belgium">Belgium</A> had been Europe's battleground for centuries, and could not hope to successfully defend herself against her larger and stronger neighbours. However, in 1914 Germany violated Belgian independence by implementing the Schlieffen Plan. After WW I, Belgium allied herself to France, only to return to a policy of neutrality went the Popular Front won elections in France in 1936. In 1940 Germany again violated Belgian neutrality. In 1949, <A HREF = "#belgium">Belgium</A> became founding member of NATO; since 1967 Belgian capital <A HREF = "#brussels">Brussels</A> is seat of its headquarters. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "belgianrev"><B>Belgian Revolution</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Of 1830. The Vienna Congress had created the Kingdom of the United Netherlands (1815). North (Dutch-speaking, Calvinist, Free Trade) and South (partially Dutch, partially French-speaking, Catholic, her nascent industries seeking for a protectionist policy) had different identities and interests. The neoabsolutist policy of William I. only aggravated the situation; in 1830 Revolution erupted in <A HREF = "#brussels">Brussels</A>. The revolutionaries gained control of the city, and of much of Belgium. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "belgium"><B>Belgium</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A state grown out of the Burgundian & Habsburg unification of <A HREF = "#nederland">the Netherlands</A>, Counterreformation under Spanish rule, a long history as the Battlefield of Europe (17th to early 19th century) under Spanish, <A HREF = "#austneth">Austrian</A>, French and Dutch rule. Gained independence in 1830, became a model liberal state (constitutional monarchy, the first country with a Catholic Party, the first country with a railroad network). Long a centralized state, which failed to satisfy both the Flemish and the Walloon communities; federal constitution introduced in the 1970es. Despite policy of neutrality, suffered German occupation in WW I and WW II. Click <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/xbelgium.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "benelux"><B>Benelux</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Customs Union formed by <A HREF = "#belgium">Belgium</A>, <A HREF = "#nederland">the Netherlands</A> and <A HREF = "#luxemburg">Luxemburg</A>, formed in 1947. Experimental ground for European Integration; the Common Market in essence is an expanded Benelux. Click <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/benelux.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "brabrev"><B>Brabant Revolution</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In 1789, the <A HREF = "#austneth">Austrian Netherlands</A>, and the <A HREF = "#pbliege">Princebishopric of Liege</A>, experienced a revolution. In contrast to the simultaneous French Revolution, the Brabant Revolution was an anti-reaction to the reforms of Joseph II., the revolutionaries resenting the traditional privileges of the <A HREF = "#austneth">Austrian Netherlands</A> having been cancelled, their autonomy been infringed upon. For a few months, the country was run as the United Provinces of Belgium; in 1790 Austrian troops returned. The Brabant Revolution fought a foreign rather than a social-domestic enemy. Click <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/brabrev.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "brussels"><B>Brussels</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The city was founded in 979; it became the residence of the Dukes of Burgundy in the Low Countries in the 15th century, the capital of the Burgundian / Habsburgian Netherlands, later of the <A HREF = "#spanneth">Spanish</A> / <A HREF = "#austneth">Austrian Netherlands</A>. Although located in the Flemish speaking part of Belgium, French, the language of the administration since the Burgundians, dominates in Brussels. Both the <A HREF = "#brabrev">Brabant Revolution</A> of 1789 and the <A HREF = "belgianrev.html">Belgian Revolution</A> of 1830 centered on Brussels. Capital of <A HREF = "#belgium">Belgium</A> since 1830, seat of the EEC (EC, EU) administration since 1957, of NATO since 1967. In French spelled Bruxelles, in Flemish Brussel. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Burgundian Circle</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Formed in 1512, identical with the Habsburg territories in <A HREF = "#nederland">the Netherlands</A> as of 1543. With the <A HREF = "hdwor.html#dutchrevolt">Dutch Revolt</A>, the <A HREF = "#dutchrepublic">Dutch Republic</A> seceded; the circle continued to exist until 1806. Administrative unit within the <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#hre">Holy Roman Empire</A>; the main purpose was to regulate Imperial taxation. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Council of Troubles </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwor.html#counctroubles">Wars of Religion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "denhaag"><B>Den Haag</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Historical name 's-Gravenhage; in English sometimes referred to as <i>The Hague</i>. Residence of the Kings/Queens of <A HREF = "#nederland">the Netherlands</A>; seat of the government and of Dutch parliament (the capital is <A HREF = "#adam">Amsterdam</A>). During the <A HREF = "#dutchrepublic">Dutch Republic</A>, 's-Gravenhage was seat of the stadholders. Renamed into Den Haag during the Patriot Revolution of 1787. Here the Peace Conferences of 1900 and 1907 were held. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Dutch Govt. in Exile</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established in London in 1940; until 1945. When <A HREF = "#nederland">the Netherlands</A> was occupied by the Germans in May 1940, the royal family and the entire government fled to England; in <A HREF = "#nederland">the Netherlands</A>, a Nazi civilian administration, mainly consisting of Austrian Nazis, was formed. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Dutch Neutrality</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In Europe, since the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714), realizing her own military weakness, the <A HREF = "#dutchrepublic">Dutch Republic</A> (later <A HREF = "#nederland">Kingdom of the Netherlands</A>) has attempted to stay out of European wars. From 1815 until 1940 (the war of 1831 with <A HREF = "#belgium">Belgium</A> regarded a domestic affair) this policy was successful; most notably, <A HREF = "#nederland">the Netherlands</A> stayed out of World War I. In 1940 Hitler violated Dutch neutrality and had <A HREF = "#nederland">the Netherlands</A> occupied. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "dutchrepublic"><B>Dutch Republic</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A federal republic consisting of 7 provinces (<A HREF = "#holland">Holland</A>, Zeeland, Friesland, Groningen, Utrecht, Gelderland, Overijssel). Emerged during the <A HREF = "hdwor.html#dutchrevolt">Dutch Revolt</A>; weak central institutions (<A HREF = "#statengenerael">Staten Generael</A>; <A HREF = "hdwor.html#stadholder">Stadholder</A>). The two dominating forces were the <A HREF = "#rpens">Raadspensionaris of Holland</A> and the <A HREF = "hdwor.html#stadholder">Stadholder</A>. The Dutch Republic ended in 1795, when it was succeeded by the <A HREF = "#batrep">Batavian Republic</A>. Click <A HREF = "../../lowcountries/xdutrep.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Dutch Revolt </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwor.html#dutchrevolt">Wars of Religion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Era of Liberty </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdabs.html#eraofliberty">Absolutism</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "flanders"><B>Flanders</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The County of Flanders, from 843 to 1492, was part of the Kingdom of France. The larger northern section is Dutch (Flemish) speaking, the smaller southern region around Lille (Rijsel) French (Walloon) speaking. In the late middle ages, Flanders was the most urbanized area north of the Alps; Brugge (Bruges) the most important trading port on the Atlantic, the Flemish cities of Ypres (Ieper) and Gent (Ghent, Gand) home to a thriving textile industry. 1384-1477 possession of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1477-1797 of the Habsburgs. Member of the Union of Utrecht, but reconquered by the Spanish in 1584-1585. In the 20th century, the name Flanders (Vlaanderen) is often used to describe the entire Flemish-speaking part of <A HREF = "#belgium">Belgium</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "kgdholl"><B>Holland, Kingdom of</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The former <A HREF = "#dutchrepublic">Dutch</A>, then <A HREF = "#batrep">Batavian Republic</A>, transformed into the Kingdom of Holland in 1806 to provide Napoleon's brother Louis with a throne. Terminated in 1810 when annexed into France. Click <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/kgdholl.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "holland"><B>Holland, Province</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The most important of the <A HREF = "#dutchrepublic">Dutch Republic</A>'s seven provinces, including both the modern provinces of Noord and Zuid Holland. During the <A HREF = "#dutchrepublic">Dutch Republic</A>, Holland provided 57 % of the federal budget, Zeeland 11 %, Overijssel 3.5 %. This economic imbalance provided Holland with political influence; Holland was sceptical of the stadholders (whose power depended on having an army to command, which in essence had to be financed by Holland). The Staten van Holland (provincial parliament) guarded state authority and temporarily regarded it unnecessary to appoint a stadholder at all (see under <A HREF = "hdabs.html#eraofliberty">Era of Liberty</A>). The capital of Holland was Haarlem, the most important city <A HREF = "#adam">Amsterdam</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "krakers"><B>Krakers</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In the 1960es, young leftist students etc. established the position that it was justified to occupy empty housing neglected by their owners (often destined to be torn down and replaced by modern buildings). The moderate among the Krakers would repair and modernize the interior and pay a certain amount of rent on a bank account which they were willing to transfer to the house owner once he agreed to offer them a lease. However, there were radicals among the Krakers willing to take police on in a fight. The authorities long hesitated to act, negotiated leases in many cases and only acted if negotiations were not successful. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "pbliege"><B>Liege, Princebishopric</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Mostly French-speaking territorial state which, until 1797/1803 was part of the <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#hre">Holy Roman Empire</A>. The Maas/Meuse valley was/is home to a metal industry. Click <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xliege.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "luxemburg"><B>Luxemburg</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Duchy within the Holy Roman Empire. The House of Luxemburg saw several Counts/Dukes elected Holy Roman Emperor (13th to early 15th century). In 1441/1451 acquired by the Dukes of Burgundy. While Luxemburg, from then on, formed part of the Burgundian/Habsburg complex of territories, it was less affected by the process of integration and centralization the other Low Countries went through. The capital Luxemburg served as a fortress city. In the 1830es split in the Belgian province of Luxemburg (west) and the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg (east). he latter, although Catholic, was united in Dynastic Union with the <A HREF = "#nederland">Kingdom of the Netherlands</A> until 1890, when Luxemburg got her own dynasty. Although neutral, occupied by the Germans in WW I and WW II. Click <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/xluxemburg.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Moluccans</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The Moluccas (Spice Islands) were under the rule of the V.O.C. since the early 17th century, part of the Dutch East Indies 1798-1949. Here Dutch missionaries, in the early 19th century, succeeded in converting part of the population to Calvinist christianity. During Indonesia's struggle for independence, a number of Moluccans had collaborated the Dutch; many feared Javanese domination of the new state. When the Dutch withdrew, a good number of Moluccans moved to the <A HREF = "#nederland">Netherlands</A> into exile, where, following the defeat of the Republic Maluku Selatan by Indonesian forces, a South Moluccas exile government was formed. In the 1970es, radical young Moluccans in the <A HREF = "#nederland">Netherlands</A> committed terrorist acts in order to put pressure on the Dutch government to take action in regard of the Moluccas. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "nederland"><B>Netherlands, the</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The English language term originally refers to the entire Netherlands, as formed by the Burgundian and Habsburg Dynasties in the 15th and 16th centuries, comprising of <A HREF = "#flanders">Flanders</A>, Artois, Hainaut, Namur, <A HREF = "#luxemburg">Luxemburg</A>, Limburg, Brabant, Zeeland, <A HREF = "#holland">Holland</A>, Gelderland, Utrecht, Overijssel, Drente, Friesland and Groningen, with the inclusion of ecclesiastic states such as <A HREF = "#pbliege">Liege</A>. In Dutch : de Nederlanden, in French : les pays-bas. <BR> In modern English, since the independence of <A HREF = "#belgium">Belgium</A> (1830/1839) the term is used with a more limited definition, refering to the (northern) Netherlands comprising of the provinces Noord & Zuid Holland, Friesland, Groningen, Drente, Overijssel, Gelderland, Utrecht, Zeeland, Noord Brabant, Limburg (and recently Flevoland). Note that the Dutch name - Nederland - is a singular. Click <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/xnederland.html">here</A> for more information on the latter </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Orange, House of </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdabs.html#hoforange">Absolutism</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Patriots</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Dutch revolutionaries. The patriot movement, directed against the 'Orangists' (supporters of the House of Orange) emerged in the early 1780es, when the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War threatened to bankrupt the country. In 1787 the Patriots briefly succeeded in implementing thorough reforms in the structure of the state, when a Prussian army invaded and restored the ancien regime. In Dutch : Patriotten. Click <A HREF = "../../lowcountries/patriots.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Pillarization</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In the late 19th century, both <A HREF = "#belgium">Belgium</A> and the <A HREF = "#nederland">Netherlands</A> experienced the organization of society according to the pillars (Catholic, Protestant, Liberal, Socialist). Even most social clubs were organized based on this principle; the air time of the <A HREF = "#nederland">Netherlands</A>' state-operated tv broadcaster allocates tv time to politically affiliated organizations. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Provinces</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The <A HREF = "#dutchrepublic">Dutch Republic</A> (-1795) consisted of 7 provinces - <A HREF = "#holland">Holland</A>, Zeeland, Friesland, Groningen, Utrecht, Gelderland, Overijssel. Other regions - Drente (protestant, too poor), Staats-Vlaanderen, Staats-Brabant, Staats-Limburg (Catholic) were under military administration. Now 12 provinces - Noord Holland, Zuid Holland, Zeeland, Friesland, Groningen, Drente, Overijssel, Gelderland, Utrecht, Noord Brabant, Limburg. The reforms of the late 18th to early 19th century have considerably reduced the autonomy of the provinces, strengthened central authority. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "rpens"><B>Raadspensionaris</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Representative of the Estates of Holland (Staten van Holland); one of the most powerful figures of the <A HREF = "#dutchrepublic">Dutch Republic</A>. Office holders include Johan van Oldenbarneveld (executed 1619) and Johan de Witt (-1672). The title, in English, is sometimes translated to Pensionary of Grand Pensionary. The other provinces had similar offices. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Rotterdam</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Port city in <A HREF = "#holland">Holland</A> (Zuid Holland). At times the world's largest port, due to her location on the estuary of the Rhine. Bombarded by the German air force on May 14th 1940, the city was practically destroyed (no basements in Holland, due to the high ground water level); reconstructed after the war. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Schlieffen Plan </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under World War I </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "spanneth"><B>Spanish Netherlands</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Name of the Southern Netherlands 1585-1713 (later : <A HREF = "#austneth">Austrian Netherlands</A>). Main battleground in the Franco-Spanish wars; since the <A HREF = "hdwar1718.html#wardev">War of Devolution</A> (1667-1668), Spain was no longer capable of defending the country. Click <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/xbelgium.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Stadholder </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwor.html#stadholder">Wars of Religion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "statengenerael"><B>Staten Generael</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Name of the federal parliament of the Dutch Republic, from the late 16th century to 1795. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Tulipomania </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdmrc.html#tulipomania">Mercantilism</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Union of Utrecht </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwor.html#unionutrecht">Wars of Religion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "unitedneth"><B>United Netherlands, Kingdom of</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established by the Vienna Congress in 1815, consisting of modern <A HREF = "#belgium">Belgium</A>, the <A HREF = "#nederland">Netherlands</A> and <A HREF = "#luxemburg">Luxemburg</A>. Dissolved in 1830/1839. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Wallonia</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Walloon (French) speaking part of <A HREF = "#belgium">Belgium</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Watergeuzen </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwor.html#watergeuzen">Wars of Religion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Waterloo, Battle of </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under French Revolution </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Ypres, Battle of </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under World War I </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Zuiderzee Project </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdibdem.html#zp">The Democracies during the Interbellum</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> Robert Stallaerts, Historical Dictionary of Belgium</B></A>, London : Scarecrow 1999, 303 pp.; KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>R 949.3 S782h</B> <BR> Arend H. Huussen, Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands, London : Scarecrow 1998, 237 pp.; KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>R 949.2 H985h</B> <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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