ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Protest Generation </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tlprgen.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 21st 2005 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Protest Generation </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdprgen.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Abortion</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In most European countries, abortion was illegal into the 1970es. The Women's Liberation Movement propagated the slogan "My Body belongs to me". In the 1970es parliaments in most European countries proceeded to legalize abortion - in some countries within the first three months of the pregnancy, in others under certain conditions. The socialist nations of Eastern Europe pursued a more liberal policy regarding abortion. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "beatles"><B>The Beatles</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> a group of singer-musicians from Liverpool, England - Paul McCartney, George Harrison, John Lennon, Ringo Starr. They were the most successful group of their time (1964-1972), representative for the 1960es Protest Generation. They made long hair fashionable among young men. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Commune</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> alternative form of residence (alternative to the family, that is). In the 1960es, groups of young adults founded communes - in essence they rented (or forcefully occupied, see under Krakers) an apartment or house and lived in it together, under their own rules (which could, but did not necessarily, include Free Love and/or Drug Consumption). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Free Love</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> the concept of denying any individual 'ownership' of his/her sexual partner. Everyone was supposed to be free to choose and change his partner whenever he/she felt like it. Practiced in some communes </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Greenpeace</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The world's best known organization for environmental protection. Founded in 1971, headquarters Amsterdam. Greenpeace activists at times violate laws, risk their own lives to attract world attention on environmental issues. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Hippies</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> a name given to young persons who, in the 1960es, violated convention by wearing long hair, listening to music the establishment regarded provocative, who often rejected the war, who defied sexual convention, authority in many forms (parental, in school, the army ..) etc. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Homosexuality</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In the 1960es, most European countries had laws in the books which made homosexuality a crime. This was criticized by the Protest Generation, and in the 1970es parliaments proceeded to decriminalize homosexuality. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> IRA </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under Britain and Ireland </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Krakers </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdlctr.html#krakers">Low Countries</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Peace Movement</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> a movement rejecting war in general. The war on everybody's minds was the Vietnam War, which by most participants in the movement was seen as an example of Imperialist aggression. Political singers (Bob Dylan, John Lennon and others) promoted peace, criticized war; slogans <i>Make Love, not War</i>, <i>Give Peace a Chance</i>. Leftist political parties (some steered by the USSR, the GDR) tried to influence the movement; the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia resulted in them losing credibility, and the movement looked to China as the perceived beacon of socialism. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> RAF </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#raf">Germany</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Red Brigades </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hditaly.html#redbrigades">Italy</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ut"><B>Urban Terrorism</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> a significant element within the Protest Generation rejected capitalism in general and regarded democracy a sham. In 1968 many within the protest generation believed the movement had the momentum for a revolution, and when it did not materialize, radicals decided to fight the political system, by acquiring arms (often from army depots) and money (from bank robberies, ransom money) and then targetting persons whom they believed to be pillars of the system (abductions, assassinations. They also attempted to blackmail the state. Model - Tupamarus in Uruguay; examples in Europe : RAF (Germany), Red Brigades (Italy). The ETA in Spain, the IRA (Northern Ireland) had additional other motives. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Vietnam War</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In essence, it began as Vietnamese resistance against French colonial rule 1946-1954. Then Vietnam was partitioned into a communist north and a south labelled democratic. The north did not accept partition of the country and supported a communist rebellion in the South. The U.S. govt., believing in the Domino theory, supported the South Vietnamese and, without ever declaring war, got more and more involved; tenthousands of U.S. troops fought in Vietnam. Lack of progress on the ground and increasing numbers of casualties made the war unpopular, the protesting student generation in the U.S. rightly concerned them to be the next t be end to Vietnam. The usage of dioxine (Agent Orange) by U.S. forces in Vietnam and the My Lai Massacre did not help to make the war more popular. The U.S. withdrew her forces in 1973; the South Vietnamese government fell in 1975. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Women's Lib</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> short for Women's Liberation Movement. Demands included the legalization of abortion (contraceptives had become generally available). It also targetted legislation discriminating against women (antiquated divorce law, charging the husband with the responsibility to raise the children and requiring the proof of guilt (i.e. adultery) in order to obtain a divorce), discrimination against women in education and in job recruitment/the workplace. The socialist countries of Eastern Europe were regarded as role models in this aspect. In the 1970es, most European parliamnts changed divorce laws; state schools (private schools are rare in continental Europe) were made coeducational, laws were pased to ensure equal chances on the workplace </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Woodstock</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Open-air music festival held in Woodstock, New York, in August 1969. A manifestation of the Protest Generation, the Peace Movement etc. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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