ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Post-War Crisis, 1918-1923 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tlpwcrisis.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 11th 2005 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Post-War Crisis, 1918-1923 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdpwcrisis.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "200"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <B>14 Points</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Austria</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Bolzheviks <BR> Czechoslovakia <BR> Danzig <BR> Dolchstoss Legend <BR> Fasci di Combattimento <BR> Fiume <BR> Freikorps <BR> German Revolution <BR> <B>Graeco-Turkish War</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Hyperinflation</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Irish Civil War <BR> <B>Kapp Putsch</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> League of Nations <BR> Little Entente <BR> March on Rome <BR> March on the Feldherrnhalle <BR> <A NAME = "plebiscites"><B>Plebiscites</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Russo-Polish War</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Red Biennium <BR> <B>Reds</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Refugees</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "reparations"><B>Reparations</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Rhineland</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Russian Revolution <BR> Russian Civil War <BR> SHS <BR> Soviet Hungary <BR> <B>Treaty of Lausanne</B> <BR><BR> Treaty of Neuilly <BR> <A NAME = "tsevres"><B>Treaty of Sevres</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Treaty of St. Germain <BR> Treaty of Trianon <BR> Treaty of Versailles <BR> Weimar Republic <BR> <B>Whites</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Border Conflicts</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Split of the Labour Movement</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> a set of U.S. aims in World War I, containing the restoration of <BR> Alsace-Lorraine to France, the reestablishment of a Polish state <BR> with access to the sea, the principle of self-determination of <BR> peoples, the compensation of Belgium and France for damage <BR> afflicted to the countries by the war (<A HREF = "hdpwcrisis.html#reparations">Reparations</A>). <BR> Republic created by the separation of Czechoslovakia, Galicia (to <BR> Poland, Bukovina, Transylvania (to Romania), Banat (split between <BR> SHS and Romania), Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herze- <BR> govina (to SHS), Istria, Gorizia, Trent and South Tyrol (to Italy) <BR> from Austria-Hungary. The Republic of Austria thus created was <BR> overwhelmingly German-speaking (<A HREF = "hdpwcrisis.html#plebiscites">plebiscites</A> held in Carinthia <BR> (Slovenian minority) and in the Burgenland (Hungarian territory <BR> with ethnic German population majority). Austria, a defeated power, <BR> was given the <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#tstgermain">Treaty of St. Germain</A>. Economically unstable (capital <BR> Vienna too large for a small republic); identity crisis (a large seg- <BR> ment of the political spectrum desired unification with Germany; <BR> the Social Democrats desired social reforms; part of the conser- <BR> vatives rejected the Republic. Click <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xaustria.html">here</A> for more information <BR> see under Russia <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#czechoslovakia">Central Europe</A> <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#danzig">Germany</A> <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdibger.html#dolchstoss">Interbellum Germany</A> <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdibit.html#fdc">Interbellum Italy</A> <BR> see under <A HREF = "hditaly.html#fiume">Italy</A> <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdibger.html#freikorps">Interbellum Germany</A> <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdibger.html#rev1918">Interbellum Germany</A> <BR> 1920-1922. The <A HREF = "hdpwcrisis.html#tsevres">Treaty of Sevres</A>, with the Ottoman Empire, had <BR> allocated Eastern Thrace and the Smyrna (Izmir) region to Greece. <BR> Yet the Ottoman Empire disintegrated, and the Republic of Turkey did <BR> not recognize the Treaty of Sevres. The Greeks were defeated in <BR> the Battle of Sakarya in 1921, and the most of the Greek inhabitants <BR> of Asia Minor expelled. <BR> Central and Eastern Europe politically saw reorganization (the establish- <BR> ment of new states, the redrawing of borders) and simultaneously the <BR> transit of a regulated wartime economy to a free peacetime market eco- <BR> nomy. The matter was complicated by unsolved issues over contested <BR> areas. Most of Central and Eastern Europe, including Civil War Russia, <BR> experienced strong inflation. In Poland, Czechoslovakia inflation was <BR> brought under control; a lengthy period of Hyperinflation, as in Germany <BR> and Austria, indicates political instability. In Germany, H. was terminated <BR> by a currency reform in 1923, in Austria in 1925. <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdibdem.html#irishcivwar">Democracies during the Interbellum</A> <BR> In 1920 Wolfgang Kapp, governor of a region in Bavaria, staged a coup <BR> d'etat (against the <A HREF = "hdibger.html#weimar">Weimar Republic</A>). Germany's trade unions declared <BR> a general strike; the (rightist, pro-authoritarian) Kapp administration <BR> resigned after three days. <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdibdem.html#lon">Democracies in the Interbellum</A> <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#lentente">Central Europe</A> <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdibit.html#marchonrome">Interbellum Italy</A> <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdibger.html#feldherrnhalle">Interbellum Germany</A> <BR> US President Wilson's 14 Points stipulated the principle of self-determi- <BR> nation. However, there were many disputed regions with an ethnically <BR> diverse population. In such cases often plebiscites were held (i.e. the <BR> people asked if they wanted to belong to country A or B). Examples <BR> include Upper Silesia (choice Germany, Poland), North Schleswig <BR> (Choice Germany, Denmark), Lajtabanszag / Burgenland (Choice <BR> Hungary, Austria), Carinthia (choice Austria, SHS). In other cases, coups <BR> created faites d'accompli. <BR> Polish politicians strove for the annexation of Belarus and Ukraine <BR> (a Jagiellonian Poland), while the Russian Civil War was going on. <BR> In 1920 a Polish army closed in on Kiev when the conflict with the <BR> Bolzhevik Red Army began, which penetrated far into Poland proper <BR> until stopped. The war was terminated by the Treaty of Riga, which <BR> left Western Belarus and Western Ukraine with Poland. <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdibit.html#redbiennium">Interbellum Italy</A> <BR> Describing the Communists in the civil wars in Russia, Finland, Ger- <BR> many, Hungary. Red was the colour of the entire Labour Movement, <BR> the label could also refer to Social Democrats. <BR> The Graeco-Turkish War caused a major population exchange <BR> (which came shortly after the migratons caused by the Balkan Wars); <BR> the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War caused another <BR> wave of refugees. The <A HREF = "hdibdem.html#lon">League of Nations</A> apponted Norwegian <BR> explorer Fridtjof Nansen High Commissioner for Refugees; in 1922 <BR> he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize or his effort. <BR> The <A HREF = "hdibger.html#tversailles">Treaty of Versailles</A> obliged Germany to pay Reparations to <BR> Belgium, France, i.e. to compensate these countries for damage af- <BR> flicted (Germany was blamed for the war having started). These re- <BR> parations exceeded the ability of Germany to pay; because of the <BR> inflation rampant in Germany, payments had to be made in specie. <BR> The matter remained a hotly disputed issue until into the 1930es. <BR> Germany's (Prussia's) province on the Rhine, plus the Palatinate <BR> (Bavarian). According to the Treaty of Versailles, the area was to be <BR> demilitarized. In January 1923, French troops occupied the Rhine- <BR> land and beyond, giving as reason Germany's failure to comply <BR> with reparations shipments. German authorities forbade German <BR> officials in the Rhineland to collaborate with the French; Germany's <BR> trade unions respionded with a general strike. The French en- <BR> couraged a Rhineland separatist movement, without success. <BR> Franco-German negotiations resulted in a gradual evacuation of <BR> French troops (1925-1930). <BR> see under Russia <BR> see under Russia <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdbalkans.html#shs">Balkans</A> <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#shungary">Central Europe</A> <BR> concluded in 1923, nullified the <A HREF = "hdpwcrisis.html#tsevres">Treaty of Sevres</A>; recognized the <BR> Republic of Turkey internationally. <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdbalkans.html#tneuilly">Balkans</A> <BR> Peace Treaty given to the Ottoman Empire in 1920; foresaw the <BR> establishment of an Armenian state, the cession of Eastern Thrace <BR> and the Smyrna Region to Greece, areas within Turkey under <BR> Italian and French influence. A dead letter, as the Ottoman Empire <BR> became a hollow structure, and the Republic of Turkey did not re- <BR> cognize the treaty. <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#tstgermain">Central Europe</A> <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdceurope.html#trianon">Central Europe</A> <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdibger.html#tversailles">Interbellum Germany</A> <BR> see under <A HREF = "hdibger.html#weimar">Interbellum Germany</A> <BR> label for the conservative forces in the civil wars in Russia, Finland, <BR> Hungary. <BR><BR> Contested borders : Poland-Lithuania (Vilnius / Central Lithuania), <BR> Germany / Lithuania (Memel), Germany / Poland, Italy / SHS (Dalma- <BR> tia), Albania / Greece, SHS / Bulgaria (Macedonia); the borders of <BR> Hungary in all directions etc. Lithuania occupied the Memel area in <BR> 1923; Poland occupied West Prussia, the Vilnius Region, the Lvov <BR> Region and annexed them in faites d'accompli; the diplomatic rela- <BR> tions between many of these countries were strained for decades. <BR> The year 1918 saw the conservative wing of the Labour Movement side <BR> with the democratic republic, the radical wing trying to overturn the <BR> latter. In parliamentary democracies, the labour movement split in <BR> a Social Democratic respectively Socialist Party (pro-democracy) <BR> and a Communist Party (rejecting the political system, but compe- <BR> ting in elections). The Communists regarded the Social Democrats / <BR> Socialists traitors and, until into the early 1930es, refused to coope- <BR> rate with them. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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