ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Scandinavia </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005-2007 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tlscand.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on April 27th 2005, last revised on June 22nd 2007 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Scandinavia </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdscand.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>&Aring;land Islands</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A group of islands located in the Baltic Sea, about mid-way between <A HREF = "hdscand.html#stockholm">Stockholm</A> and Turku (Finland). Population Swedish-speaking, but administratively part of Finland. During the Russian Civil War occupied by Swedish troops. Disputed between <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A> and <A HREF = "hdscand.html#finland">Finland</A>; the League of Nations decided the island group to belong to <A HREF = "hdscand.html#finland">Finland</A>, but to enjoy cultural autonomy (1924). In Finnish called Ahvenmaa. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Anjala Conspiracy</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In 1788, ethnic Swedish nobles in <A HREF = "hdscand.html#finland">Finland</A>, dissatisfied with the policy of King Gustavus III., wrote to Tsarina Catherine the Great of Russia, offering to recognize her as Grand Duchess of Finland. (as the nobles in Russia did not face their privileges threatened, as the nobles did in the Kingdom of <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A> (incl. Finland), the conspirators were trying to maintain their status). It did not have immediate effect, but Russia conquered Finland in 1808 and Czar Alexander I. then assumed the title offered to his grandmother. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "copenhagen"><B>Copenhagen</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Founded in 1167, capital of <A HREF = "hdscand.html#denmark">Denmark</A> since 1416. One of the fortresses <BR> guarding the <A HREF = "hdscand.html#soundlevy">Sound</A>. Attacked by the British fleet in 1807. Danish <BR> spelling K&oslash;benhavn. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Danish-Swedish Wars</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> From 1523, when Sweden restored her independence, into the 19th century, Sweden and Denmark were archrivals. They fought wars <A HREF = "../../military/16cen/sweddan15631570.html">1563-1570</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/17cen/sweddan16111613.html">1611-1613</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/17cen/sweddan16431645.html">1643-1645</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/17cen/firstnorthern.html">1657-1660</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/17cen/swedbrand16751679.html">1675-1679</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/17cen/hgottorp1697.html">1697-1700</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/18cen/greatnorthern.html">1709-1721</A>, <A HREF = "../../military/napwars/russwed180809.html">1808-1809</A>. Since the early 17th century, the Swedes were the superior power, the Danes relying on allies. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "denmark"><B>Denmark</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> As a Kingdom recorded sincce the 9th century. Historically, Denmark consisted of three parts, Jutland, Sealand and <A HREF = "hdscand.html#scania">Scania</A>. The latter was annexed by <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A> in 1658. Capital <A HREF = "hdscand.html#copenhagen">Copenhagen</A>. Lutheran. A monarchy, <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#stateoftheestates">State of the Estates</A> until 1660, Absolute Monarchy 1660-1848, Constitutional Monarchy ever since. Neutral in WW I, German occupation 1940-1945, Welfare State, joined EEC in 1973. Click <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xdenmark.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "dmbaltici"><B>Dominium Maris Baltici</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Latin expression, literally "Realm of the Baltic Sea", referring to the Swedish complex of territories acquired in the 17th century, including most countries adjacent to the Baltic Sea. Shattered by the <A HREF = "hdwar1718.html#gnwar">Great Northern War</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ekarelia"><B>Eastern Karelia</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Region east of the present Russo-Finnish border, traditionally Karelian (Finnish) speaking population. Ceded by <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A> to Russia in 1721. When Czar Alexander I. assumed the title of Grand Duke of Finland in 1809, then Russian Eastern and Western Karelia were reintegrated into <A HREF = "hdscand.html#finland">Finland</A>. When Finland gained independence in 1917, Eastern Karelia was part of it. In 1939, the USSR attacked Finland (Winter War). In the Treaty of Moscow (March 1940) Finland hd to cede Eastern Karelia. The Finns reocupied Eastern Karelia in 1941, but lost it again in 1944. On Soviet territory, a Karelian ASSR (within the RSFSR) was established in 1923; part of Eastern Karelia is now part of the successor Karelian Republic (within Russian Rep.) see under European Integration </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> EFTA </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdeintr.html#efta">European Integration</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Era of Liberty </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Sweden 1918-1772. see under <A HREF = "hdabs.html#eraofliberty">Absolutism</A> <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "finland"><B>Finland</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The name Finland originally refers to a part of modern Finland - its southwest. Finland was conquered by <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A> in the 13th century, her eastern border moved eastward in a series of wars with Novgorod respectively Russia until 1617. The country had a Finnish peasantry, while Latin, and since the reformation, Swedish, were the languages of education, administration and jurisdiction. In 1808 Czar Alexander I. assumd the title of Grand Duke of Finland; the country, as a republic, declared independence in 1917. Capital Helsinki. Lutheran. In Finnish : Suomi. Click <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xfinland.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Finlandization</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> an expression describing enforced neutrality. Following World War II, Finland gained a peace treaty and the right to administrate her own affairs under conditions imposed by the USSR. These conditions were obsolete with the fall of Communism in 1989/1991, and in 1995 Finland joined the EU. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Finnish Civil War</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Fought January-May 1918, the Whites victorious over the Reds. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> First Northern War </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> See under <A HREF = "hdwar1718.html#fnwar">Wars of the 17th and 18th Century</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Folkhem</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The goal of Swedish Social Democracy. Formulated in the early 20th century. When the party ruled <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A> almost without interruption from 1932 into the 1970es (and managed to keep Sweden out of WW II), many of its concepts were implemented (Welfare State). The expression translates to "people's home". </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Great Northern War </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> See under <A HREF = "hdwar1718.html#gnwar">Wars of the 17th and 18th Century</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Greenland</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Discovered by Vikings in the 10th century; became Norwegian dependency in the 3th century; Viking settlements extinct in the late 15th century. Danish rule assumed in 1721; still Danish possession, autonomous since 1979. Click <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xgreenland.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Helsinki</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Founded in 1550. Became the capital of <A HREF = "hdscand.html#finland">Finland</A> in 1812. Swedish name Helsingfors. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Iceland</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Viking settlement in the 9th century; a Republic since 930. Center of Saga tradition; Norse sideland since the 13th century, later came under Danish influence. The Althingi was abolished in 1800, reestablished in 1843. In 1918 Iceland was granted autonomy, in 1944 the country declared independence. Capital Reykjavik. Spelling in Icelandic : Island. Click <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xiceland.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Kalevala</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Compendium of Finnish oral literature, published by Elias L&ouml;nnrot 1835-1849. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Nobel Prizes</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Endowed by Swedish entrepreneur and businessman Alfred Nobel in his testament. The prizes for Literature, Medicine, Physics and Chemistry are awarded annually on Dec. 10th in <A HREF = "hdscand.html#stockholm">Stockholm</A>'s Opera House, the Prize for Peace in Oslo's Storting. The first prizes were awarded in 1901. They can only be awarded to living persons. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ncouncil"><B>Nordic Council</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> suggested in 1946, established in 1952 as a cooperative body of the Nordic countries' parliaments. Founding members were <A HREF = "hdscand.html#denmark">Denmark</A>, <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A> and <A HREF = "hdscand.html#norway">Norway</A>; <A HREF = "hdscand.html#finland">Finland</A> joined in 1956. Click <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/nordiccouncil.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "norway"><B>Norway</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Scandinavian Kingdom dating back into Viking times. From 1380 to 1814 in Dynastic Union with <A HREF = "hdscand.html#denmark">Denmark</A>, a union dominated by Denmark as the kings used to reside in Copenhagen. Norway suffered a population decline in the 14th to 15th century. From 1814 to 1905 in Dynastic Union with <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A>; then the Norwegians, in a plebiscite, opted for independence. Exported timber to Britain; developed large merchant fleet. In WW II occupied by the Germans. Monarchy, capital Oslo. Lutheran. Click <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xnorway.html">here</A> for more information. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Norwegian Govt.-in-Exile</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> established in London in 1940; until 1945 (with Norway occupied by the Germans). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "smu"><B>Scandinavian Monetary Union</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established in 1875, when the Krone was introduced as currency in <A HREF = "hdscand.html#denmark">Denmark</A>, <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A> and <A HREF = "hdscand.html#norway">Norway</A>. During and after World War I, the national currencies developed differently, and the union formally was dissolved in 1924. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "scandinavianism"><B>Scandinavianism</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A cultural movement of the 19th century, emphasizing the common heritage and cultural bond of the Swedes, Danes and Norwegians. Students held pro-Scandinavian meetings; in the 1848 Schleswig Crisis a Swedish army marched toward <A HREF = "hdscand.html#denmark">Denmark</A> to come to the aid of the Danes. In 1864, King Oscar of <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A> wanted to send Swedish troops to id the Danes; PM de Geer threatened to resign. This event may be regarded the end of (romantic) Scandinavianism. What has remained is a spirit of neighbourly cooperation. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "scania"><B>Scania</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Region in the extreme south of <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A>, center Lund. Used to be Danish until 1658. In Swedish : Sk&aring;ne. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Schleswig-Holstein </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdgermany.html#slh">Germany</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "soundlevy"><B>Sound Levy</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The Sound (in Danish : Sund, &Oslash;resund) is a narrow straits located between <A HREF = "hdscand.html#copenhagen">Copenhagen</A> and Malm&ouml;. Merchant shipping in and out of the Baltic Sea, until the construction of the Kiel Canal late in the 19th century, had no option but to pass through the Sound. <A HREF = "hdscand.html#denmark">Denmark</A>, which guarded the Sound by a series of fortresses on both banks, including Helsing&oslash; (Elsinore, of Shakespearean fame) collected a toll from bypassing ships. This toll, until abolished in 1857, was Denmark's primary source of revenue. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "stockholm"><B>Stockholm</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> First recorded in 1252, in the following centuries a city dominated by Hanseatic merchants. From the 15th century onward, <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A>'s dominant city. Site of the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520; capital of Sweden since 1634. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Stockholm Bloodbath</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In the later phase of the <A HREF = "hdscand.html#unionofkalmar">Union of Kalmar</A>, <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A>'s nobility was sceptical of the ambitions of the Danish Union Kings, and for most of the later 15th and early 16th century, ruled the country. In 1520 King Christian II. of <A HREF = "hdscand.html#denmark">Denmark</A> arrived with a fleet and accepted an invitation for a banquet in Stockholm, intended to facilitate negotiations. Instead, all those Swedes known to oppose Christian were arrested and executed. Nov. 7th 1520, 82 victims. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "sweden"><B>Sweden</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Emerged as the Kingdom of the Svear and G&ouml;tar (Swedes and Goths, as in G&ouml;taland / mainland Gothland). Political center Uppsala. Part of the <A HREF = "hdscand.html#unionofkalmar">Union of Kalmar</A> 1397-1523, although Sweden, since 1437, was almost permanently in a state of Rebellion. Independence from Denmark was achieved in 1523, when the Vasa Dynasty was established. Sweden became a dominant military power; it held <A HREF = "hdscand.html#finland">Finland</A> since the 13th century, acquired <A HREF = "hdeceur.html#estonia">Estonia</A> in 1561, <A HREF = "hdeceur.html">livonia">Livonia</A> in 1621, <A HREF = "hdscand.html#scania">Scania</A> in 1658 etc. (<A HREF = "hdscand.html#dmbaltici">Dominium Maris Baltici</A>). Defeated in the <A HREF = "hdwar1718.html#gnwar">Great Nordic War</A>, Sweden entered the <A HREF = "hdabs.html#eraofliberty">Era of Liberty</A>, ended by Gustavus III.' coup d'etat. Gustavus III. introduced enlightenment reforms; was assassinated. During Napoleonic years, Finland was lost; new Bernadotte Dynasty established. Begin of Swedish Neutrality; stayed out of both World Wars. The Social Democrats began a long series of governments in 1932, transforming Sweden into a model Welfare State. Entered the EU in 1995; began cutting down on excessive welfare expenses. Contitutional Monarchy, Lutheran. Click <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xsweden.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Swedish Neutrality</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In the 17th century, Sweden was a great power and engaged in frequent wars, which the country's population and economy could ill-afford. The <A HREF = "hdwar1718.html#bofpoltava">Battle of Poltava</A> 1709 was a decisive turning point, showing Swedish limits. In the 18th century. During the Napoleonic Wars, Sweden faced the possibility of being partitioned and lost <A HREF = "hdscand.html#finland">Finland</A>; since 1815 Sweden pursued a policy of neutrality. Sweden is actively involved in peacekeeping missions; pacifism is deeply rooted. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "unionofkalmar"><B>Union of Kalmar</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established at Kalmar Castle in 1397, uniting the Kingdoms of <A HREF = "hdscand.html#denmark">Denmark</A>, <A HREF = "hdscand.html#norway">Norway</A> and <A HREF = "hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A> under one king. Technically lasting until 1523. The Kings resided in <A HREF = "hdscand.html#copenhagen">Copenhagen</A>; the union was dominated by Denmark. The union with Norway lasted, with brief interruptions, until 1814; the union with Sweden until 1437/1448, occasionally to be restored for a brief period, until finally being terminated in 1523 </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "winterwar"><B>Winter War</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939 had allocated <A HREF = "hdscand.html#finland">Finland</A> to the Soviets. After having taken possession of Eastern Poland and the Baltic Republics, Stalin in late 1939 provoked a war with Finland; the invading Soviet forces were stopped by the Finns. With public opinion in the west turning against the aggressor, and volunteers signing up in Sweden, the U.S. etc., the USSR and Finland on March 12th 1940 concluded peace; Finland had to cede <A HREF = "hdscand.html#ekarelia">Eastern Karelia</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> MORE DETAILED ONLINE HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES, BY COUNTRY : <BR> At WHKMLA : <A HREF = "../scandinavia/hdfinper.html">Finland</A> <BR><BR> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> Irene Scobbie, <B>Historical Dictionary of Sweden</B>, Methuen : Scarecrow 1995; KMLA Lib. Sign. <B>R 948.5 S421h</B> <BR> George Maude, <B>Historical Dictionary of Finland</B>, Methuen : Scarecrow 1995; KMLA Lib. Sign. <B>R 948.97 M447h</B> <BR> A.H. Thomas, S.P. Oakley, <B>Historical Dictionary of Denmark</B>, Scarecrow 1998, KMLA Lib. Sign. <B>R 948.9 T454h</B> <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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