ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Science and Technology 1829-1914</title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tlscitech18.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 14th 2005 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Science and Technology 1829-1914</B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdscitech18.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "200"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <B>Alternate Current</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Aspirin</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Automobile</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Chemical & <BR> Pharmaceutical Industry</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Conveyor Belt</B> <BR><BR> <B>Diesel Engine</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Electric Industry</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Industrial Standards</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Internal Combustion Engine</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Lightbulb</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Metric System</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Oil Industry</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Second Industrial Revolution</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Streetcars</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Suez Canal</B> <BR><BR> <B>Telegraph</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Telephone</B> <BR><BR><BR> Transib <BR> <B>World Expositions</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> Conceived by Nicola Tesla in the 1880es as an alternative to Direct Current <BR> (DC). First major application in 1891; it soon became the standard system <BR> of electric power. Abbeviation : AC. <BR> developed by Felix Hoffmann (Bayer & Co., Germany), in 1897, probably the <BR> most successful pill in history, against migrene, fever and a number of <BR> minor aches. <BR> Vehicles powered by energy other than animal force have been conceived <BR> and built before the modern car was invented - the 17th century sail car <BR> (Holland) and steam-engine powered cars (19th century). The first only <BR> could be driven on the beach, the latter were regarded as not marketable. <BR> In 1885, first Carl Benz, and a few months afterward, Gottlieb Daimler (both <BR> Germany) invented cars powered by gasoline-driven internal combustion <BR> engines. The first cars were crude, difficult to handle and expensive, <BR> only a selected few being able to afford them. This was changed by men <BR> such as Henry Ford, who used the conveyor belt technique to drastically <BR> reduce the price of cars (c. 1913). <BR> one of the main industries of the Second Industrial Revolution. Produced <BR> dyes, celluloid, synthetical fibers, pills; later plastic, synthtical fertilizer, <BR> synthetical rubber, plastic. Dominated by a few large-scale enterprises; <BR> chemical factories usually located on major rivers (they need a lot of <BR> water, for cooling and other purposes). Germany, Switzerland and the <BR> U.S. were leading in the industry in the late 19th and early 20th c. <BR> or assembly line, invented by Ransom E. Olds (U.S.) in 1901. Breakthrough <BR> when Henry Ford (U.S.) applied it to produce his cars in 1913. <BR> Rudolf Diesel, French inventor of German ancestry, in 1893 conceived <BR> the type of internal combustion engine named after him, first produced <BR> in 1894. It is more robust than Nikolaus Otto's internal combustion <BR> engine, could be operated without electric ignition and tolerated a <BR> wider variety of fuels. A breakthrough came when the British navy in <BR> 1913 switched from steam engines to Diesel engines. <BR> one of the main industries of the Second Industrial Revolution. Applica- <BR> tions electric light (reducing the dependency on gas, which caused <BR> a greater hazard); transportation - streetcars, subways, elevators etc; <BR> just prior to WW I radio broadcasting (spread after WW I). Centered in <BR> the U.S., Britain, Germany, the Netherlands. <BR> Early in the Industrial Revoluton there were no industrial standards; <BR> for every screw, a fitting nut had to be made and immediately at- <BR> tached, otherwise it might have been a nightmare to find a fitting one. <BR> In early railway construction, every company established her own <BR> gauge width - an obstacle when individual lines were to be connec- <BR> ted to form a railroad network. Industrial standards first were intro- <BR> duced in the Electric Industry (International Electrotechnical Commission <BR> (IEC) established in 1906); later national Standardization Institutes were <BR> established (Germany : 1917, U.S. : 1926), responsible for a wide range <BR> of industries. <BR> invented by Belgian Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir in 1855. Nikolaus Otto <BR> (Germany) in 1876 constructed an internal combustion engine which <BR> was efficient and reliable; his engine is used in most cars today. <BR> invented by Thomas Alva Edison (U.S.A.) in 1879. Electric lighting was <BR> to replace lighting by kerosene and street lighting based on gas in <BR> the course of the following decades. <BR> First introduced by the French Republic during the French Revolution. <BR> Abolished shortly after; in 1875 Meter Confeence held in Paris; adopted <BR> by the nations of Continental Europe. Replaced traditional measuring <BR> systems. <BR> the modern oil industry began in the 1850es, in Wallachia (modern <BR> Romania, in Baku (then Russian Empire, now Azerbaijan) and in <BR> Pennsylvania (U.S.). In the early days of the oil industry, the main appli- <BR> cation was the usage of kerosene for lighting; when electric light re- <BR> duced the consumption of kerosene, the chemical industry and <BR> Diesel and gasoline engines cused an ever-increasing demand of <BR> oil. <BR> 1875 to 1914; the key industries were the chemical-pharmaceutical and <BR> the electric industry. Inventions made in this period resulted in out- <BR> phasing the steam engine. Now countries without coal mines could <BR> industrialize (Italy, France, the Netherlands). Leading nations Germany, <BR> U.S. Large companies dominated the key industries. <BR> the Industrialization caused cities to grow beyond former city walls. <BR> Public transportation became a necessity. At first, streetcars pulled <BR> by teams of horses were employed (New York : 1832-1905), replaced <BR> by streetcars powered by electricity. <BR> constructed in 1859-1869, planned and organized by Ferdinand de <BR> Lesseps. Regarded the greatest engineering project of her time. <BR> First experimental telegraph line established in 1844 (Washington D.C.- <BR> Baltimore); the U.S. railroads established telegraoph lines to improve <BR> communication; in 1861 first transcontinental line. Sea cables were <BR> laid to establish a worldwide network of telegraph lines. In the years <BR> prior to WW I, stations for wireless transmissions were established, <BR> invented in 1874 by Alexander Graham Bell. Until 1914, only a minority <BR> could afford owning a telephone; lnies had to be connected by <BR> operators. <BR> see under Russia <BR> 1851 Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace, London; Paris 1867, Vienna <BR> 1873, Paris 1900, list not intended to be complete. Trade fairs, fea- <BR> turing colonial products as well as exposing the newest inventions <BR> to the public. They represented a spirit of optimism, of belief in tech- <BR> nical progress, often expressed in architecture - Crystal Palace, <BR> the Eiffel Tower in Paris. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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