ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Social Consequences of the Industrialization </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tlsoccon.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 7th 2005 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Social Consequences of the Industrialization </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hdsoccons.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "200"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "8hourworkday"><B>8 Hour Workday</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Anarchism</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Blacklist</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Boycott</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Chartists</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Child Labour</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Communism</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Company Town</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Cooperatives</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "soccons.html"><B>Corn Laws</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Exploitation</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Factory Act</B> <BR> <B>Labour Day</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Labour Party</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Lockout</B> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "luddites"><B>Luddites</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Mandatory Health Insurance</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Mandatory Pension Fund</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Marxism</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Pauperism</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "peterloo"><B>Peterloo Massacre</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Poorhouse</B> <BR><BR><BR> <B>Potato Famine</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Proletariat</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Rerum Novarum</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Silesian Weavers</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Social Darwinists</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Social Democracy</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "socint"><B>Socialist International</B></A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Strike</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Trade Unions</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <B>Utopian Socialists</B> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> First demanded in Chicago 1886, adopted by the <A HREF = "hdsoccons.html#socint">Socialist Inter- <BR> nationa</A>l in 1889; introduced by many countries as standard <BR> workday in 1918 (Germany, U.S. etc.); until 1914 workdays of 11 <BR> and more hours were common. <BR> a philosophy which believed that the capitalist industrial world <BR> was corrupt ansd incorrigible. It, and the political system which <BR> permitted it to flourish, had to be destroyed, and a better world <BR> created on the ruins of the old. <BR> Employers kept and exchanged lists of trade union leaders and <BR> agitators; persons whose names were listed were denied em- <BR> ployment. <BR> factory or shop which the customers/workers boycotted, i.e. <BR> they did not buy in that particular shop/did not work in that <BR> particular factory. Named after Charles C. Boycott (1832-1897), <BR> an English land agent in Ireland who treated the Irish so badly <BR> that they organised a boycott against him. <BR> in the United Kingdom, supporters of a People's Charter, de- <BR> maning universal adult manhood suffrage, the abolition of <BR> property qualifications for candidates, secret ballot, annually <BR> held parliaments etc. 1838-1848. Unsuccessful.<BR> A widespread phenomenon in the 19th century. Workers' families <BR> often were large, their pay low and the family depended on the <BR> children's wages. The state prohibited employment of the <BR> younger children, perhaps regulated the working hours of a <BR> little older children (UK Factory Act 1819) without enforcing such <BR> regulations. It was not unusual for children to work 11 hours or <BR> more a day, barefoot and malnourished, in a hazardous <BR> working environment. <BR> In the early 19th century, the term <i>Communism</i> was used <BR> to describe a variety of political theories which emphasized the <BR> community rather than the individual as basic socio-economic <BR> entity. <BR> Philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels added another <BR> theory when they wrote "Das Kommunistische Manifest" (1848) <BR> and "Das Kapital" (1867-1895). Communism only came to be <BR> widely identified with Marxist philosophy in the later 19th century. <BR> The Paris Commune (1871) is regarded the first, short-lived <BR> communist society. <BR> A good number of factory owners provided housing for the core <BR> of their workforce, simple, intended to answer the bsic needs, <BR> often with a small garden. Installations (running water etc.) <BR> depanded n the year when the houses were constructed. Such <BR> company housing often made up entire streetfronts or suburbs, <BR> the greater ones with their own company stores. <BR> The labour movement developed stores owned by the customers, <BR> operating on a low profit basis (the profits returned to the worker- <BR> shareholders). Such stores were called Cooperatives. There <BR> were other economic enterprises established on a cooperative, <BR> often non-profit basis. <BR> Protectionist laws, which, in the early 19th century were intended <BR> to keep the price for corn (= wheat) high. In England and else- <BR> where in western Europe, the landowning nobility depended on a <BR> high corn price; nobility dominated parliament and upheld the <BR> corn laws. For the working class this meant that bread was a <BR> luxury many families could rarely afford, the staple food being <BR> potatoes. In England and in Belgium, the corn laws were abo- <BR> lished in the wake of the Potato Famine in 1846. <BR> Marx and other critics of capitalism have used the term exploita- <BR> tion to describe the attitude of 19th century employers toward their <BR> employees. While the social situation of the working class was <BR> deplorable in many aspects - overworked, malnutritioned, ex- <BR> posed to hazardous working conditions, poorly clothed, unedu- <BR> cated etc., there are other factors than greed on the side of the <BR> employers such as market forces, the overall economic situation <BR> etc. A good number of employers regarded themselves as bene- <BR> factors of their workers, providing company housing etc. <BR> UK 1819, banned Child Labour under age of 9 <BR> or May Day; adopted as the holiday of the International Labour <BR> Movement by the <A HREF = "hdsoccons.html#socint">Socialist International</A> 1889. In the late 19th and <BR> early 20th century not recognized by the authorities, but on May <BR> first in most factories hardly any worker showed up. Instead <BR> they participated in demonstrations and afterward enjoyed the <BR> day. Adopted as national holiday in most European countries <BR> in 1918; the U.S. celebrates Labor Day on the first Monday in <BR> September. <BR> In the United Kingdom, established in 1900. In contrast to the <BR> Labour Parties / Social Democratic / Socialist Parties of the <BR> continent, most of which are older than the British Labour Party, <BR> the latter did not develop a strong Marxist wing. <BR> A measue by employers to counter strikes in labour conflicts - <BR> keep the factory gates locked (and reduce the pay of the <BR> employees for every working day missed). <BR> a movement among early 19th century English craftsmen who <BR> blamed their misfortune on machines. Named after Ned Ludd, <BR> an early leader of the movement, first recorded in 1811. They <BR> destroyed machines, issued death threats against factory <BR> owners, merchants, magistrates, exercised military drills and <BR> fought regular skirmishes with the military; the Luddite move- <BR> ment ended in 1813. <BR> Introduced by Otto von Bismarck in Germany in 1883. Regular <BR> contributions had to be paid in half by the employee, in half by <BR> the employer. Regarded as the beginning of the Welfare State. <BR> Intended to reduce the hold of the Social Democratic Party on <BR> the working class. The policy later was adopted by many other <BR> countries. <BR> Introduced by Otto von Bismarck in Germany in 1889. Regular <BR> contributions had to be paid in half by the employee, in half by <BR> the employer. Regarded as another step in the development <BR> of the early Welfare State. The policy later was adopted by <BR> many other countries. <BR> Political ideology based on the philosophy of Karl Marx and <BR> Friedrich Engels. Assuming that capitalism is essentially evil, <BR> Marxists believed that change had to be brought about by <BR> revolution, and a better socialist world had to be built on the <BR> ruins of the old. Widely discussed in the late 19th century; on <BR> one such occasion, Karl Marx said <i>"moi, je ne suis pas <BR> Marxiste"</i> <BR> A term describing the impoverishment of large segments of <BR> society in the 19th century. While, for instance, changes in the <BR> textile industry brought about the loss of work for many, the <BR> loss of income for others still employed in the industry, while <BR> many lost their income due to the revolution of transportation <BR> and new jobs, in the expanding mining and metal industry, <BR> often paid little, other factors such as large family size among <BR> workers, and urbanization - many workers being unable to <BR> complement their income by growing their own food - played <BR> a role. <BR> On August 16th 1819 c. 50,000 textile workers assembled <BR> on St. Peter's Field outside of Manchester where political is- <BR> sues were to be addressed. The Manchester Yeomanry, an <BR> ill-trained militia commanded by men suspicious of the orga- <BR> nizers' motives, opened fire; at the end of the day there were <BR> 11 dead and c. 400 wounded. The British press satirically <BR> compared the 'victory' of the militia with the Battle of Waterloo <BR> 4 years earlier, hence Peterloo. <BR> a prison for persons (and often, their families) who could not <BR> pay their debt. Here they had to work under even worse con- <BR> ditions than workers in regular factories. Britain. <BR> With bread prices high (corn laws), urbanization ongoing, the <BR> working class depended on potatoes as their main food <BR> supply. In 1845 a disease affecting potatoes struck Europe, <BR> and the potato harvest sank significantly. Ireland was worst <BR> hit; a large number of Irishmen starved to death, many others <BR> emigrated into Britain or the U.S. The famine caused parlia- <BR> ments to abolish Corn Laws. <BR> The working class; a key term in Marx' philosophy. Workers <BR> learned that individual action was useless, and solidarity the <BR> key to improving their situation. In the course of the 19th <BR> century, a proletarian group identity was shaped, which <BR> would last on into the late 20th century, even when a much <BR> better lifestyle was achieved. <BR> Encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII. in 1891, translates to <BR> <i>New Thngs</i>. Pointed at the lot of the working classes <BR> who <i>suffered misery undeservedly</i>; criticised state <BR> authorities which had taken responsibilities from the church <BR> without taking chrge of them; condemned socialism. <BR> In Lower Silesia (Prussia), weavers in 1844 found their pay <BR> had dropped to a point that they no longer could afford to <BR> feed their families and pay their rent (even with wife and kids <BR> sharing in the work). Weavers in and around Langenbielau <BR> assembled, smashed machines in the local factories and <BR> waited for the army to arrive, and to be shot. The event <BR> caused an outcry in the German press (until then hesitant <BR> to discuss German politics, because of press censorship). <BR> a political view which disputes equality of men, which ap- <BR> plies the Darwinist law of survival of the fittest to mankind; <BR> every man responsible for his own fate; Social Darwinists <BR> believed that those who failed deserved to die. <BR> The Social Demiocratic Party of Germany traces her origins <BR> back to two predecessor organizations established in 1863 <BR> resp. 1869. With universal adult manhood suffrage intro- <BR> duced in 1871, it rose to become the country's largest <BR> political party, and many social democratic / socialist <BR> parties in other European countries regarded the German <BR> Social Democracy as a role model. Bismarck's Anti-Socia- <BR> list Laws (1878-1890) banned a number of social democratic <BR> organizations and resulted in the radicalization of part of the <BR> movement (now reading Marx). The Social Democratic <BR> Movement then covered the entire spectrum of the political <BR> left; separate Communist parties, in Germany and else- <BR> where, only split off in the course of World War I and its <BR> aftermath. The Social Democratic Party had a moderate <BR> wing, advocating change through the democratic system and <BR> labour negotiations, and a radical wing advocating revolution. <BR> Assembly of delegates of national trade unions and social <BR> democratic / socialist parties, held in London in 1889. <BR> Adopted the red flag of the Labour Movement, the "International" <BR> (hymn), Labour Day; demanded the <A HREF = "hdsoccons.html#8hourworkday">8 hour workday</A>. The <BR> Socialist International also promoted pacifism. <BR> from Polish <i>strajk</i>, an instrument of the trade unions in <BR> labour disputes. Because the authorities tended to side with <BR> the employers, the trade unions learned to enforce strict <BR> discipline in strikes and demonstrations, in order not to give <BR> the authorities any excuse to take action against them. <BR> Early in the 19th century, workers were banned from forming <BR> associations, even in England. In the course of the 19th <BR> century freedom of association was introduced in most Euro- <BR> pean countries. Trade unions, first, needed to organize a <BR> significant segment of the workers of a factory, and to collect <BR> a fund, in order to be a potent partner for employers in labour <BR> negotiations. Toward the end of the century, the majority of <BR> workers was organized, and trade unons cooperated with <BR> each other; while they had some minor successes, they were <BR> far from having achieved their political goals. <BR> Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen. Robert Owen established a <BR> textile mill in which the workers were given free housing, <BR> which included a school, recreation facilities, where working <BR> hours were limited - and amazingly it was profitable. Charles <BR> Fourier developed a theory of a utopian economic agrarian <BR> community, waiting (in vain) for an investor to give him the <BR> funds to establish one. Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de <BR> Saint-Simon blamed the destruction of the Catholic Church <BR> for the misery and promoted a New Christianity to reform <BR> society. 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