ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Britain and Ireland </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005-2007 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb/tluk.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/nhb.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on June 18th 2005, last revised on June 25th 2007 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Britain and Ireland </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/nhb/hduk.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Act of Supremacy</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Act passed by the English Parliament in 1534, declaring the King of England the head of the Church of England, in effect separating the latter from Rome. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "anglicanch"><B>Anglican Church</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established by the Act of Supremacy in 1534, which permitted King Henry VIII. to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. The Protestant Reformation was introduced during the reign of King Edward VI. 1547-1553; Protestants were persecuted under Queen Mary 1553-1558 (Bloody Mary); during the rule of Queen Elizabeth I. (1558-1603) the Church of England became Protestant by doctrine, Catholic by rite. Attempts by King James I. to enforce Anglican creed on the population caused political dissent (Gunpowder Plot, Puritan Emigration, ultimately English Civil War). The influence of the crown in church administration and the situation of Crypto-Catholic Charles II. (1660-1685) and openly Catholic James II. (1685-1688) were technically heads of the (Anglican) Church of England caused the emergence of further groups of religious dissenters (Quakers in the 17th, Methodists in the 18th century) and political upheaval (Glorious Revolution 1688). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Auld Alliance</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> term describing the Scottish-French alliance (14th to 16th century); directed against England. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Battle of Britain </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdww2.html#bbritain">World War II</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Beatles </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdprgen.html#beatles">Protest Generation</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> British Disease </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdeboom.html#brdisease">Economic Boom</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>British Union of Fascists</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Party founded by Oswald Mosley in 1932; Mosley admired Mussolini and Hitler. The 1936 Public Order Act forbade political parties to wear uniforms, to organize militias and to use threatening, abusive language. The BUF experienced a split in 1938 and declined when Italy and Germany became a threat to European peace </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Buckingham Palace</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Constructed by the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 (then Buckingham House), purchased by King George III. in 1762 as private residence; official palace since 1837 (Queen Victoria). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Cabinet System </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdabs.html#cabinetsystem">Absolutism</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Cambridge Spy Ring</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> the Manhattan Project (codename for the project to develop a nuclear bomb) was a common Anglo-U.S. project. Among the Britons having access to classified information were four Cambridge graduates, Kim Philby, Guy Burgess, Donald MacLean and Anthony Blunt, the sons of well-situated and influential families - and communists by heart. In 1948 they provided classified information on the atomic bomb to the KGB; in 1949 the USSR test-exploded her first bomb. Kim Philby managed to flee to Moscow; the others were arrested. The event layed a major role in causing anti-communist hysteria in the U.S. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Catholic Emancipation</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A Catholic community had continued to exist in England ever since the reformation. During the reign of Elizabeth, it was a minority; Catholics were, repeatedly, involved in political schemes and plots. After the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, Catholic were deprived of the right to sit in Parliament, and viewed as suspicious elements by the adminitration. Only in 1829 (Catholic Emancipation Act) were these restrictions removed. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Cavaliers </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwor.html#cavaliers">Wars of Religion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Channel Islands</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> a group of islands off the coast of Normandy : Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney and Sark. Historically, part of the Duchy of Normandy, which the Kings of Englands managed to hold on to. Administratively, autonomous within the United Kingdom. Tax havens. The only part of the UK occupied by German forces during WW II. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Chartism</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> political movement in England 1838-1839 demanding universal adult manhood suffrage, a re-delimitation of electoral districts, the abolition of property qualifications for candidates, members being paid, annual elections, secret ballot. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Church of England </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hduk.html#anglicanch">Anglican Church</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Commonwealth of England </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwor.html#commonwealth">Wars of Religion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "conservativeparty"><B>Conservative Party</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> emerged in the 18th century, nickname "Tories". Dominated English policy between 1783 and 1830; traditionally supported the Church of England, army and navy, the interests of the gentry and landowning class (Corn Laws). In 1830 the Liberals took over; Benjamin Disraeli in he 1860es turned the Conservatives into a modern political party broadening her appeal to the common men. A stabilizing force in British history. Under Conservative PM Margaret Thatcher, in the 1980es, the deficitary Welfare State was cut to size, Britain balanced her budget (Thatcherism). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Corn Laws </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdsoccons.html#cornlaws">Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Easter Rising</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> An attempt of an Irish rebel force of c.1000 to seize Dublin on Easter Monday 1916. The rebels held the Dublin Post Office until they were forced to surrender. The action had virtually no chance of liberating Dublin from British rule. However, in the middle of World War I British propaganda began legitimizing the war effort by the need to liberate suppressed peoples under German, Austro-Hungarian and Turkish rule. The Easter Rising was a publicity stunt to draw attention to the lot of the Irish, under British rule for 700 years. The rising was defeated, the rebel leaders executed. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> English Civil War </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwor.html#engcivwar">Wars of Religion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Episcopalians </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwor.html#episcopalians">Wars of Religion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Glorious Revolution </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdabs.html#glorrev">Absolutism</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Great Britain</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> in 1707 the Scottish Parliament decided to dissolve itself and place Scotland under the English Parliament (Act of Union, the intention being Scottish merchants not to be treated as foreigners in the British Empire). This union created Great Britain, symbol the Union Jack, a combination of the English and Scottish flags. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Gunpowder Plot </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwor.html#gunpowderplot">Wars of Religion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Hanover Dynasty</A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> King Georg I. of Hannover succeeded Queen Anne in 1727, establishing the Hanover Dynasty on the English throne; it lasted until 1840, when Queen Victoria married Prince Albert von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (also spelled Saxe-Coburg-Gotha). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "100yearswar"><B>Hundred Years War</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1337-1453, fought between England (and English vassals in France) and France, with Burgundy switching sides or remaining on the sideline. Major events the battles of Crecy 1347, of Poitiers 1356, of Azincourt 1415, the siege of Orleans 1429, the burning of Jeanne d'Arc 1431. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Imperial System</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> traditional system of measurements (inch, foot, yard, mile, ounce, stone etc.); in the United Kingdom replaced by the decimal, metric system in 1967. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>I.R.A.</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Irish Republican Army, established in 1919, involved in the Irish struggle for independence 1920-1921, split in the Irish Civil War 1921-1922. In the 1960es, a branch was active in a lengthy campaign to free Northern Ireland from British rule. The I.R.A. shaped modern terrorism. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Ireland</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Island, Latin name Hibernia; never under Roman rule. Christianied in the 5th century, home to a Celtic church (independent from Rome); English conquest began in the late 12th century. English rule continued for over 7 centuries, with episodic Irish rebellions. The Irish resented the reformation; Anglo-Irish relations deteriorated in the 16th and 17th centuries when Spain, France and the Pope used Irish rebellions for their political purposes; the Irish rebellions were crushed; most land in Ireland was owned by English nobles, the Celtic church crushed, the Catholic church persecuted, the Anglican church imposed (with little success). In the mid 1800s Great Famine; Irish emigration. Following a terrorist campaign, partition (Ulster to stay with UK) and independence 1921. Click <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xireland.html">here</A> for more information </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Irish Civil War </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdibdem.html#irishcivwar">Democracies during the Interbellum</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Irish Famine </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdsocons.html#potatofamine">Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Irish Free State</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> in 1922 Ireland without the North was proclaimed a Free State, i.e. it had full sovereigny over its internal affairs, but the King of England form,ally remained head of state; Ireland remained in the British Commonwealth. In 1937 the Irish government unilaterally proclaimed the Republic; in 1949 the UK ecognized the Irish Republic, thus terminating the Free State status. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Isle of Man</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Island located in the Irish Channel. Population of mixed Celtic, Viking and English descent; language Manx (almost extinct). Viking kingdom until 1402, when united in Dynastic Union with England. Not part of England, enjoys a degree of autonomy. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Jacobites</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> supporters of the exiled Stuart Dynasty 1689-1745, mostly in Scotland. They rebelled repeatedly, most notably in 1715 and in 1745. Many Scottish folk songs are about the fate of the Jacobites. (Jacobus is the Latin form of James). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>King James Version of the Bible</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> published in 1611, with the authorization of King James I. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Labour Party </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdsoccons.html#labourparty">Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "liberalparty"><B>Liberal Party</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> emerged in the late 18th century; proponent of Free Trade, the abolition of privileges. Nickname Whigs, competed with the Conservatives (Tories) for forming government, until the Liberal Party split in 1916. The two splinter liberal parties would lose the strategic position of main competitor of the conservatives to Labour soon after. In the 19th century, the Liberals were the main proponent of franchise extension. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Luddites </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdsoccons.html#luddites">Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Methodists</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> began as a group within he Church of England in the early 18th century, which emphasized life dominated by action in christian spirit rather than doctrine and rite. Founder John Wesley. Rejected alcohol and tobacco, slavery. Separated from the Church of England in 1784; in England there are some Methodist communities; Methodists form one of the leading communities in the U.S. Methodists were strong supporters of the abolitionist movement and the temperance movement. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>National Government</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1931-1935; a government formed by Labour, the Liberals and the Conservatives, lead by PM Ramsay MacDonald (Labour). At the height of the Great Depression, it had to implement unpopular measures, such as cutting salaries of state employees. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Nationalization </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdpostwar.html#nationalizationuk">Post-War Years</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>National Labour</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> the measures adopted by the National Government 1931-1935 were burdensome for the British working class. Labour Party in 1931 expelled PM Ramsay MacDonald; he and his supporters went on to found National Labour. Dissolved in 1945. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Navigation Act </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdmerc.html#navigationact">Mercantilism</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>New Labour</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> term to describe a Labour Party with a more positive attitude toward capitalism, lead by Tony Blair. The expression was first used in 1994; Labour Party (PM Tony Blair) held office since 1997. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Orange Order</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> founded by Irish Anglicans in 1795, named after King William III. of Orange-Nassau, victor in the Battle of the Boyne (1690). Annually organizes marches commemorating the Battle of the Boyne, which provoke Ulster Catholics. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Parliament</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> dated back to the Magna Carta; historically, parliament was convoked by the king about every three years to discuss the king's request for an extraordinary tax. Charles I. (1628-1640) attempted to rule without parliament (absolutism); parliament strove toward an extension of her authority. King and parliament fought out the issue in the English Civil War 1642-1648, which ended in victory of parliament. 1649-1660 Commonwealth, attempt to have country ruled by parliament (1649-1651) failed. In 1660 King Charles II. recalled; 1688 Glorious Revolution. In 1740 introduction of Cabinet System. Parliament is bicameral (House of Commons, House of Lords); a 1999 act deprived nobles from their birthright to sit in the Houe of Lords. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Peterloo Massacre </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdsoccons.html#peterloo">Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Plantagenet Dynasty</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> dynasty originating from Anjou (France; hence also called Angevin); held the throne of England from 1154 to 1485. In the 15th century, it divided into the Lancastrian (red rose) and Yorkist (white rose) lines, supporters of which fought each other in the Wars of the Roses 1455-1485. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Presbyterians </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwor.html#presbyterians">Wars of Religion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Puritans</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> term describing English Calvinists. The community emerged during the rule of Elizabeth I. (1558-1603), rejected the Stuart Dynasty (1603-1649), dominated during the Commonwealth 1649-1660, was disappointed with the Restoration (1660-1688). Puritan emigration began in 1609 (to Holland; in 1621 to Massachusetts). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Quakers </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwor.html#quakers">Wars of Religion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Restoration</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> the termination of the Commonwealth and the recalling of the King (Charles II.). Charles II. was a Crypto-Catholic, imitating the lifestyle of French king Louis XIV.; without children, he was succeeded by his openly Catholic brother James II. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Roundheads </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdwor.html#roundheads">Wars of Religion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Scotland</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> united in the 9th and 10th centuries; under English occupation 1290-1314; kingdom restored in 1314; Scotland allied with France (Auld Alliance) until the time of the Reformation; John Knox introduced Calvinism in 1560es (Presbyterian Church); in 1603 King James VI. of Scotland (Stuart) became King James I. of England (Dynastic Union); the decision of King Charles I. and of Archbishop Laud to introduce Book of Common Prayer in Scotland triggered Scottish rebellion; following Glorious Revolution strong Jacobite support in Scotland; in 1707, Scottish parliament decided to dissolve itself and place country under sovereignty of English parliament; 1715, 1745 Jacobite Rebellions. Scottish parliament reestablished in 1999. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Stuart Dynasty</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> ruled Scotland since 1371, both England and Scotland 1603-1649, 1660-1688. The Stuarts in exile continued to claim the thrones of both England and Scotland; their supporters were called Jacobites. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Suffragettes </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hdempnat.html#suffragettes">From Empire to Nation State</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Teatotallers</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> nickname for Methodists, because of their abstinence (rejection of alcoholic beverages) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Thatcherism</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> term to describe the drastic measures taken on by PM Margaret Thatcher, her conflict with the Labour Unions, her drastic cutting-down on the Welfare State. While M. Thatcher succeeded in curing the 'British Disease', producing balanced budgets and turning the British economy into one of the strongest in Europe, her measures caused serious social problems. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Tories </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> see under <A HREF = "hduk.html#conservativeparty">Conservative Party</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Tudor Dynasty</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> ruled England 1585-1603 (Henry VII., Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth I.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Ulster</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> historical region covering the northern part of Ireland. Largely idenical with Northern Ireland. In the 16th century the site of Protestant Settlement (Plantations). Ulster has the largest concentration of protestants in Ireland; when Irelnd became a Free State in 1921, Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom. Since the 1960es the site of sectarian violence. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Union Jack</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> flag of the United Kingdom, created in 1707 by combining the English and Scottish flags. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>United Kingdom</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> created as the United Kingdom of Great Britain (England and Scotland) in 1707; in 1800 enlarged to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, in 1921 reduced to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Short the U.K. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Wales</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> region in western Britain, partially English, partially Welsh speaking. Finally conquered by the English in 1283. Hill country, rich in coal. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>War of the Roses</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> fought 1455-1485 by supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and of York, over the English throne. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Wat Tyler's Revolt</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> English peasant revolt 1381, during the Hundred Years' War. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Whigs </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> nickname for the <A HREF = "hduk.html#liberalparty">Liberal Party</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Windsor, House of</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In 1917 the British Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha Dynasty (since 1840) was renamed House of Windsor to cover their German origin; then Britain was at war with Germany (WW I). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> Kenneth J. Panton, Keith A. Cowlard, <B>Historical Dictionary of the United Kingdom, Vol.1 : England and the UK</B>, Lanham : Scarecrow 1997; KMLA Lib. Call Sign <B>R 941.003 P198h v.1</B> <BR> J.P. Kenyon, <B>A Dictionary of British History</B>, NY : Stein and Day (1981) 1983 <B>[G]</B> <BR> John A. Wagner, <B>Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World</B>, NY : Checkmark Books 2002 <B>[G]</B> <BR> L.W. Cowie, <B>A Dictionary of British Social History</B>, London : G. Bell & Sons 1973 <B>[G]</B> <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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