ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : the Caribbean </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlcaribbean.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../biographies/wh/biocaribbean.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Biographies </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on June 16th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : the Caribbean </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/wh/hdcaribbean.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "anguilla">Anguilla</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "antigua">Antigua</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "aruba">Aruba</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "bahamas">Bahamas</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "barbados">Barbados</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "bayofpigs">Bay of Pigs</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "bermuda">Bermuda</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "blackcaribs">Black Caribs</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "bonaire">Bonaire</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "brvi">British <BR> Virgin Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "buccaneers">Buccaneers</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "calypso">Calypso</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "caribs">Caribs</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "caymanislands">Cayman Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "courlanders">Courlanders</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cuba">Cuba</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "curacao">Cura&ccedil;ao</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "danvi">Danish West Indies</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "dominica">Dominica</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "dominicanrepublic">Dominican Republic</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "windiesfed">Federation of <BR> the West Indies</A> <BR><BR><BR> Gitmo <BR> <A NAME = "grenada">Grenada</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "grenadainvasion">Grenada Invasion</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "guantanamobay">Guantanamo Bay</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "haiti">Haiti</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "havana">Havana</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hispaniola">Hispaniola</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "jamaica">Jamaica</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "leewardislands">Leeward Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "maroons">Maroons</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "martinique">Martinique</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "montserrat">Montserrat</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "netherlandsantilles">Netherlands' <BR> Antilles</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "puertorico">Puerto Rico</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "rastafarianism">Rastafarianism</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "reggae">Reggae</A> <BR> <A NAME = "saba">Saba</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "stbarthelemy">Saint Barthelemy</A> <BR><BR><BR> Saint Christopher <BR> <A NAME = "stdomingue">Saint Domingue</A> <BR> <A NAME = "stkitts">Saint Kitts</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "stlucia">Saint Lucia</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "stmartin">Saint Martin</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "stvincent">Saint Vincent</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "stodomingo">Santo Domingo</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "stmaarten">Sint Maarten</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "steustasius">Sint Eustasius</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "spanishhaiti">Spanish Haiti</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "spanishamericanwar">Spanish-American <BR> War</A> <BR><BR> Statia <BR> <A NAME = "tainos">Tainos</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "tenyearswar">Ten Years War</A> <BR> <A NAME = "tobago">Tobago</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "tontons makouts">Tontons Makouts</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "tortuga">Tortuga</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "trinidad">Trinidad</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "tci">Turks & Caicos <BR> Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "voodoo">Voodoo</A> <BR> <A NAME = "windies">West Indies <BR> Associated States</A> <BR> <A NAME = "windwardislands">Windward Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> island in the eastern Caribbean, population c.10,000; English possession, placed under <BR> St. Kitts since 1825; when the latter was granted political autonomy, the inhabitants of <BR> Anguilla, fearing to be dominated by St. Kitts, rebelled (1967); British troops restored <BR> order. St. Kitts became independent in 1983; Anguilla is still British. see Anguilla page <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xanguilla.html">at this site</A> <BR> island nation in the eastern Caribbean; English settlement in 1632. In the late 18th and <BR> early 19th century a British naval base. Independent since 1981. see Antigua page <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xantigua.html">at this site</A> <BR> discovered in 1499 by Alonso de Ojeda, claimed by the Dutch in 1634, settled only in <BR> 1796. Administrated from Cura&ccedil;ao; Aruba in 1977 seceded from the Netherlands' <BR> Antilles, to form a separate unit within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. see Netherlands' <BR> Antilles pages <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xnantilles.html">at this site</A> <BR> discovered by Columbus in 1492, settled by Englishmen in 1640, pirate's basis in the <BR> 17th century, independent in 1973. see Bahamas pages <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xbahamas.html">at this site</A> <BR> settled by the English in 1624-1625; during the English Civil War and the Commonwealth <BR> B. maintained a royalist administration; sugar plantation colony, independent in 1966. <BR> see Barbados pages <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xbarbados.html">at this site</A> <BR> location on Cuba where an invasion of Cuban exiles took place 1961, organized and <BR> supported by the CIA. A fiasco; of the 1400 invaders, c.100 died in combat, c.1200 were <BR> captured. <BR> English settlement in 1612; part of the British Empire ever since. see Bermuda pages <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/caribbean/xbermuda.html">at this site</A> <BR> descendants of negro slaves who survived a shipwreck in 1635 and made it to the shore <BR> of Saint Vincent, which was inhabited by Carib. Over time the negroes took on language <BR> and identity of the Caribs. A 1763 treaty allocated St. Vincent to the British; during war <BR> (1790es) the Black Caribs allied with the French, were defeated and deported (1796). <BR> claimed by the Dutch in 1636, administrated from Cura&ccedil;ao. Presently part of the <BR> Netherlands' Antilles. see Netherlands' Antilles page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xnantilles.html">at this site</A> <BR> seat of Dutch pirates since 1648, of English pirates since 1666. Basis of Edward Teach <BR> (Blackbeard). Piracy suppressed in 1728. Long administrated from Antigua. While A. got <BR> independent in 1981, the British Virgin islands are still British. see British Virgin Islands <BR> page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xbrvi.html">at this site</A> <BR> expression describing pirates active in the Caribbean, many of whom did not sail for <BR> their respective king/government, but on their own account. Operating from pirate's nests <BR> such as Tortuga, they often were composed of a mix of Dutchmen, British, Frenchmen <BR> etc. speaking Creole. Buccaneer activity declined sharply in the early 18th century, when <BR> the British govt. took upon herself the obligation to suppress piracy. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccaneer">Wikipedia</A> <BR> Afro-Caribbean music style which evolved on British and French Caribbean islands early <BR> in the 20th century. Often, steel containers which used to contain oil, provide instrument. <BR> inhabitants of Caribbean islands in the 16th to 18th century, who, in contrast to the Tainos, <BR> were warlike and resisted incursions of Europeans. They were cannibals. Negro slaves who <BR> survived a shipwreck and reached the shores of St. Vincent assimilated into Carib culture <BR> (see Black Caribs). On St. Lucia the Caribs were exterminated by the French in 1658; the <BR> English deported the Caribs of St. Vincent to Honduras in 1796. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib">Wikipedia</A> <BR> settled by the British since 1661, administrated from Jamaica until 1959, ever since direct <BR> dependency of the U.K., new constitution in 1972. Developed into a tax haven. see <BR> Cayman Islands page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xcayman.html">at this site</A> <BR> Duke Jakob Kettler of Courland pursued a colonial enterprise; Courland established <BR> colonies in Africa (Gambia) and on Tobago (1652-1658, 1680es). Courland, located on <BR> the Baltic Sea, was unable to maintain her colonies during time of war; Jakob Kettler's <BR> successors did not continue to pursue a colonial policy. see Courland page <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xcourland.html">at this site</A>; see Trinidad & tobago page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xtrinidad.html">at this site</A> <BR> conquered by the Spanish in 1511. When continental Spanish America became indepen- <BR> dent in the 1820es, Spain held on to Cuba. Cuban rebellions in 1868-1878 and 1895-1898 <BR> were suppressed; then the Spanish-American War 1898 resulted in Cuban independence. <BR> A coup d'etat in 1959 brought Fidel Castro in power, who transformed Cuba into a People's <BR> Republic. see Cuba pages <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xcuba.html">at this site</A> <BR> claimed by the Dutch (the W.I.C.) in 1634, because of her saltpans. Willemstad on <BR> Cura&ccedil;ao became administrative center of the Netherlands' Antilles. see Netherlands' <BR> Antilles page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xnantilles.html">at this site</A> <BR> The Danish West India and Guinea Company was founded in 1665, settled St. Thomas, <BR> which turned into a major hub of the Caribbean trade, a major branch of which the <BR> Transatlantic Slave Trade. Denmark abolished slave trade in 1792/1803. The Danish West <BR> Indies were sold to the U.S. in 1917 and now are known as the U.S. Virgin Islands. <BR> see Danish West Indies page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xdanvi.html">at this site</A> <BR> settled by the French in 1632; in 1748 Britain and France agreed on island being neutral; <BR> the British occupied Dominica in 1761; in the Treaty of Paris France ceded it to Britain. <BR> Administrated from Antigua; in 1871 allocated to Leeward Islands, in 1940 to Windward <BR> Islands. Joined Federation of the West Indies in 1958, which was dissolved in 1962. <BR> Self-govt. in 1967, independent in 1978. see Dominica pages <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xdominica.html">at this site</A> <BR> first permanent Spanish settlement established in 1493; Audiencia de Santo Domingo <BR> est. in 1511; native population soon brought to brink of extinction. Island then known as <BR> Hispaniola, name of capital Santo Domingo became synonymous with administrative <BR> district. In 1697 western part of the island (=> Saint Domingue) ceded to France. <BR> Independence from Spain declared in 1821, occupied by Haiti 1822-1844, again inde- <BR> pendent, now under name Dominican Republic. 1862-1865 again Spanish. 1930-1961 <BR> dictatorship of R.L. Trujillo. see Dominican Republic page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xdomrep.html">Wikipedia</A> established as self-governing entity within British Empire in 1958, members Antigua, <BR> Barbados, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts Nevis <BR> Anguilla, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Turks & Caicos Islands, Trinidad & Tobago, capital <BR> Port of Spain. Dissolved in 1962. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_the_West_Indies">Wikipedia</A> <BR> in the US, abbreviation for Guantanamo Bay <BR> settled by the French in 1650, native Carib population exterminated by 1674, when <BR> the island became French crown colony; ceded by F. to Britain in 1763. Self-govt. <BR> introduced in 1967, independent in 1974. US invasion 1983. see Grenada page <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xgrenada.html">at this site</A> <BR> Grenadan PM Maurice Bishop lead a socialist govt. and cooperated with Cuba; he <BR> was executed in a coup d'etat by communists within his own party in 1983. Meanwhile <BR> construction of a large airport from which heavy bombers could reach the U.S. went <BR> on; 6 days after the coup, U.S. forces, with participation of forces of 6 Caribbean <BR> nations, landed (Operation Urgent Fury). <BR> settled by the Spanish in 1626; they were ousted, replaced by the French in 1635. <BR> Repeatedly occupied by the English, sugar plantation island. 1813-1814 Swedish. <BR> Since 1946 French Overseas Department. see Guadeloupe page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xguadeloupe.html">at this site</A> <BR> U.S. naval base on Cuba, established in 1898; treaties with Cuba signed in 1903 and <BR> 1934. Cuba regards treaties as illegitimate and refuses to accept annual payment as <BR> stipulated in the treaty of 1934. U.S. uses base to lodge Haitian boat people, <BR> suspected terrorists arrested in Afghanistan, Iraq etc., treating Guantanamo Bay as <BR> an area where U.S. law does not apply. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay">Wikipedia</A> <BR> the French established themselves on Tortuga in 1659; Spain ceded Saint Domingue <BR> (Haiti) in 1697; it soon produced 40 % of the world's sugar and coffee. 1788-1793 <BR> revolution in several stages; practically entire white population (slave owners) <BR> massacred. Slavery abolished, independence proclaimed in 1804, President <BR> Dessalines in 1805 proclaimed himself emperor. In 1816 republic restored, in 1822 <BR> Spanish Haiti (Dominican Rep.) occupied, lost again in 1844. 1915-1934 U.S. <BR> occupation; 1957-1984 dictatorship of the Duvalier family; secret police Tontons <BR> Makouts; instable democracy, U.S. invasions 1994, 2004, extremely poor. <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xhaiti.html">at this site</A> <BR> largest city of the Caribbean, population 2.1 million. Founded in 1515, raided by <BR> pirates in 1538, 1555. Castillo del Moro constructed in 1589-1597 to secure H.'s <BR> harbour. Havana became capital of Cuba in 1607. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana">Wikipedia</A> <BR> second largest Caribbean island, claimed and settled by the Spanish in 1493. <BR> Politically divided in two states, the Dominican Republic and Haiti (see there). <BR> settled by the Spanish in 1509; taken by the English in 1655. Most famous <BR> governor pirate Henry Morgan 1673-1688. English administration plagued by <BR> Maroons (runaway slaves). Slavery abolished in 1834, independence granted in <BR> 1962. Home to Reggae Music. see Jamaica pages <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xjamaica.html">at this site</A> <BR> Federation of Leeward Islands Colonies established in 1871, member colonies <BR> Antigua, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Montserrat, St. Christopher-Nevis- <BR> Anguilla; Dominica left in 1939. Dissolved in 1956. Loose federation; individual <BR> colonies maintained identity. see British Leeward Islands page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/leeward18711956.html">at this site</A> <BR> runaway slaves or slaves on Jamaica liberated by the Spaniards before British <BR> takeover of Jamaica in 1655, and their descendants. They organized themselves <BR> and resisted British administration. <BR> settled by the French in 1635, sugar plantation island, here Josephine (later wife of <BR> Napoleon Bonaparte) was born. repeatedly occupied by the English, returned to the <BR> French. Overseas Department since 1946. see Martinique page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xmartinique.html">at this site</A> <BR> settled by the English in 1632; administrated from Antigua. In a 1966 referendum, <BR> self-government was rejected; since then administrated from London, still British. <BR> 1995 eruption of Soufriere volcano proved disastrous. see Montserrat page <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xmontserrat.html">at this site</A> <BR> until 1828, the individual island colonies (Cura&ccedil;ao, with dependencies Aruba and <BR> Bonaire; Saba, St. Eustasius, St. Maarten) were ruled as individual entities. In <BR> 1828 combined, with Suriname, to form the Dutch West Indies. The latter in 1845 <BR> dissolved into Suriname and Cura&ccedil;ao, the latter comprising all the islands. In 1945 <BR> the colony was renamed Nederlandse Antillen (Netherlands' Antilles); in 1954 <BR> granted status of Overseas Department. Aruba seceded in 1977. see Netherlands' <BR> Antilles page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xnantilles.html">at this page</A> <BR> conquered by the Spanish in 1508, ceded to U.S. after Spanish-American War. In <BR> 1940 Portoricans were granted US citizenship, since 1948 governors were elected. <BR> U.S. territory, official language Spanish. see Puerto Rico pages <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xprico.html">at this site</A> <BR> religious-cultural movement originating in the black population of Jamaica, <BR> emphasizing their African descent. Named after Ras Tafari (title of Emperor of <BR> Ethiopia). followership estimated at 1,000,000 worldwide. <BR> music style which developed on Jamaica in the 1960es. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae">Wikipedia</A> <BR> settled by the Dutch in 1632; after a French interlude Dutch since 1640, since 1828 <BR> part of Dutch West Indies, since 1845 under Cura&ccedil;ao, since 1945 part of <BR> Netherlands' Antilles. Present population 1,200. see Netherlands' Antilles page <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xnantilles.html">at this site</A> <BR> small island near, and under the administration of Guadeloupe (French). In 1784 <BR> France sold the island to Swedisj King Gustavus III.; Sweden resold it to France in <BR> 1878. Sugar plantation island. see St. Barthelemy page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/stbarthelemy17841878.html">at this site</A> <BR> see under Saint Kitts <BR> name for (French) Haiti 1697-1804. see under Haiti <BR> English settlers arrived in 1623, partitioned island with French settlers in 1624; France <BR> ceded her share of the island in 1713. St. Kitts, with neighbouring island Nevis <BR> (settled in 1628 by English) independent since 1983. see St. Kitts page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xstkitts.html">at this site</A> <BR> settled in 1650 by the French, Carib population massacred in 1658, Britain and France <BR> in 1748 agreed on neutrality of the island; in 1763 allocated to France; in 1814 ceded <BR> by France to U.K.; independent since 1979. see St. Lucia page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xstlucia.html">at this site</A> <BR> name for French half of partitioned island shared with Netherlands since 1648. The <BR> French had settled on the island in 1629. Administratively under Guadeloupe; French <BR> Overseas Department status for Guadeloupe since 1946. <BR> early English and French attempts to settle island failed. Shipwrecked African slaves <BR> became Black Caribs (after 1673). In 1748 Britain, France agreed on neutral status of <BR> the island. In 1763 Britain claimed St. Vincent; Carib population after rebellion <BR> deported to Honduras in 1796. Released into independence in 1979. see St. Vincent <BR> page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xstvincent.html">at this site</A> <BR> city on Hispaniola, established in 1496. Seat of Audiencia, archdiocesis in 1511, with <BR> the effect that the name of the city became synonymous with the island. see under <BR> Dominican Republic, Haiti. <BR> name for Dutch half of partitioned island shared with France since 1648. The Dutch <BR> had settled on the island in 1631. Administratively under Cura&ccedil;ao since 1828; <BR> part of the Netherlands' Antilles since 1945. see Netherlands Antilles Page <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xnantilles.html">at this site</A> <BR> settled by the Dutch in 1632; declared Free Port in 1756; during the American War of <BR> Independence trade hub ("Golden Rock") until taken by the English in 1781, restored <BR> to Dutch rule 1784, administratively under Cura&ccedil;ao since 1845, part of <BR> Netherlands' Antilles since 1945, see Netherlands Antilles Page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xnantilles.html">at this site</A> <BR> Name the Spanish part of Hispaniola took when declaring independence in 1821. As <BR> the country was conquered by Haiti in 1822, and upon restoration of independence <BR> in 1844 assumed name of Dominican Republic, it became obsolete. <BR> fought between Spain and the U.S.A. which, after the war, obtained most of the <BR> Spanish Colonial Empire 1898 (Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam). Most of the action <BR> took place on Cuba, which after brief U.S. occupation became independent in 1903. <BR> short name for St. Eustasius, see there <BR> native American inhabitants of most Caribbean islands at the time of the arrival of the <BR> Spanish; branch of the Arawak. They were peaceful; enslaved by the Spanish, their <BR> population dwindled rapidly due to excessive violence on the side of the Spanish, <BR> infectious diseases etc. Taino culture ceased to exist in the 16th century. see article <BR> from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainos">Wikipedia</A> <BR> Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule 1868-1878; suppressed. <BR> settled by the Dutch in 1632; a Courlander settlement est. 1652, which was taken by <BR> the Dutch in 1658; island French 1667-1676, French since 1678 (interrupted by <BR> Courland rule in 1680es); in 1748 declared a neutral island, British since 1763. Sugar <BR> plantation island; in 1888 placed under Trinidad. see Trinidad & Tobago page <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xtrinidad.html">at this site</A> <BR> name of the Haitian secret police, notorious for their brutality during the years of the <BR> Duvalier dictatorship (1957-1984). <BR> small island off the northern coast of Haiti. Long time a pirate's nest; in 1659 French, <BR> nucleus of French colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti), ceded by Spain to France in <BR> 1697. <BR> first Spanish settlement established in 1592; island occupied by the British in 1797, <BR> ceded by Spain to U.K. in 1802; Tobago placed under Trinidad in 1888. Capital <BR> Port of Spain. Trinidad & Tobago became independent in 1962. see Trinidad & Tobago <BR> page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xtrinidad.html">at this site</A> <BR> island group, present population c. 6,000. Settled in 1678 (salt production); 1799-1848 <BR> administrated from the Bahamas; 1848-1962 from Jamaica; 1962-1973 from the <BR> Bahamas. Since 1973 a British governor resides on Grand Turk. still British; see <BR> Turks & Caicos Islands page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/xtci.html">at this site</A> <BR> religion of West African origin, spread on Haiti. see article from <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo">Wikipedia</A> <BR> established in 1967, briefly referred to as the Windies, members Antigua, Dominica, <BR> Grenada, St.Kitts-Nevis, St; Lucia, St. Vincent. <BR> Federation of the (British) Windward Islands Colonies established in 1880, members <BR> Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Tobago. Tobago left in 1886; Dominica joined in 1940. <BR> Dissolved in 1956. see Windward Islands page <A HREF = "../../region/caribbean/windward18801958.html">at this site</A> <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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