ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Confucianism </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlconfucianism.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../biographies/wh/bioconfucianism.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Biographies </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on June 27th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Confucianism </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/wh/hdconfucianism.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "analects">Analects</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "ancestorworship">Ancestor Worship</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "bookofchanges">Book of Changes</A> <BR> <A NAME = "bookofhistory">Book of History</A> <BR> <A NAME = "bookofmusic">Book of Music</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "bookofpoetry">Book of Poetry</A> <BR> <A NAME = "bookofrites">Book of Rites</A> <BR> <A NAME = "burningofthebooks">Burning of the Books</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "civilexaminations">Civil Examinations</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "confucianclassics">Confucian Classics</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "filialpiety">Filial Piety</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "geomancy">Geomancy</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "iching">I Ching</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "lichi">Li Chi</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "literati">Literati</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "mandateofheaven">Mandate of Heaven</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mandarins">Mandarins</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "neoconfucianism">Neo-Confucianism</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "sage">Sage</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "shihching">Shih Ching</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "shuching">Shu Ching</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "springandautumnannals">Spring and <BR> . Autumn Annals</A> <BR> <A NAME = "taoism">Taoism</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "taoteching">Tao Te Ching</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "yangban">Yangban</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> (Analects of Confucius), Chinese language collection of maxims and short discus- <BR> sions between Confucius and his disciples, written in the early 5th century B.C., <BR> attributed to Confucian disciples of the second generation. <BR> widespread practice in East Asia; on certain holidays (Lunar New Year, Korean <BR> Thanksgiving etc.) families meet, pay reverence to the oldest living members of <BR> the family and to the spirits of the deceased (the term 'worship' is a matter of in- <BR> terpretation). <BR> see under I Ching <BR> see under Shu Ching <BR> mentioned in historical records, but lost; regarded the sixth book of the Confucian <BR> classics <BR> see under Shih Ching <BR> see under Li Chi <BR> in 212 B.C., Qin Dynasty Emperor Shi Huang Di ordered all books on philosophy <BR> and history not in line with the (just founded) Qin Dynasty to be burnt, a fate that <BR> also befell a number of scholars. <BR> In China also referred to as Imperial Examination; term Civil Service Examination <BR> also used. Confucius emphasized that in education there were no classes; suc- <BR> cess in the civil examination brought employment in state administration, which <BR> therefore has been described as a meritocracy. The Civil Examination has been <BR> introduced in China early in the Han Dynasty, interrupted during the Yuan <BR> Dynasty and by the Taiping Rebellion ( in areas under their control), and abolished <BR> in 1905. Have also been held in Vietnam and Korea, but not in Japan. <BR> list of 5 (6) books - the Analects (I Ching), the Book of History (Shu Ching), the <BR> Book of Poetry (Shih Ching), the Book of Rites (Li Chi), the Spring and Autumn <BR> Annals. The sixth, lost book is the Book of Music. <BR> reverence of parents (ancestors) is regarded a moral obligation within confucianism; <BR> families keep genealogical records, family 'altars', meet on Confucian holidays. <BR> The Book of Filial Piety, although attributed to Confucius (written two centuries <BR> later) is not regarded as one of the Confucian classics. <BR> belief that the location and arrangement of a site influence the fate of state, <BR> dynasty, institution, family, individual. Concept widespread in East Asia. Most <BR> palaces will face south, have a mountain in their back, an (often artificial) rivulet <BR> to the south etc. <BR> <i>Book of Change</I> or <i>Classic of Change</i>, attributed to legendary ruler <BR> Fu Hsi (2852-2738 B.C.); based on sets of hexagrams and trigrams, were believed <BR> to provide oracles (for instance, cracks on turtle shells were taken as an oracle, <BR> or a number of sticks thrown into the air over a clean table cloth). The I Ching <BR> was one of the Classic texts fundamental to the Confucian civil examinations <BR> were based. <BR> or Book of Rites. The original text, the Li Ching, was lost (Shi Huang Di's Burning <BR> of the Books, late 3rd century B.C.). The Li Chi is a reconstruction written during <BR> the early Han Dynasty. The book details ancient rites and court ceremonies. <BR> an expression for the class of Confucian scholars - civil servants. In China also <BR> referred to as the Mandarin, in Korea as the Yangban. <BR> Chinese concept used to justify the rule of the Zhou Dynasty, adopted by later <BR> Chinese dynasties. The concept was supported by Confucius; decadence was <BR> interpreted as a sign that Heaven no longer supported the ruling dynasty and it <BR> was time for change. <BR> class of civil servants (having passed the Imperial examinations) in China prior <BR> to 1905 (abolition of those examinations) respectively 1911 (Chinese Revolution). <BR> In their free time many of them wrote poems or painted. Also called literati, an <BR> expression valid outside China. <BR> a revitalized form of Confucianism shaped by scholar Zhu Xi during the Chinese <BR> Southern Sung Dynasty. Neo-Confucianism included Buddhist and Taoist con- <BR> cepts, however, many Neo-Confucianists opposed Buddhism and Taoism. Under <BR> the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, Buddhism was the favoured religion in China; the Ming <BR> Dynasty made Neo-Confucianism state philosophy. <BR> revered wise man of the past; in East Asian historical paintings, sages are often <BR> identified as such by a halo. Confucius himself is treated as a sage (although <BR> mostly depicted without a halo); gis birthday is national holiday in Taiwan. <BR> or Book respectively Classic of Poetry, containing 305 poems and hymns, com- <BR> piled from earlier sources, attributed to Confucius. <BR> or Book respectively Classic of History, compilation of documents from the <BR> Zhou Dynasty and older. Attributed to Confucius. <BR> or Chun Qiu, Lin Ching, History of the State of Lu (between 722 and 479 B.C.), <BR> edition attributed to Confucius. Contains moral judgments. <BR> or Daoism, ("Teaching of the Way"), Chinese philosophy emphasizing the way <BR> to achieve harmony. Main source the Tao Te Ching or Dao De Jing. <BR> attributed to Lao Zi, an official at the court of Zhou who, put off by court intrigues, <BR> sought solitude and when leaving the country, was asked to write down his <BR> views. The Tao te Ching is regarded to be a Han Dynasty compilation of earlier <BR> text fragments. Essential source of Taoism. <BR> class of literati in Korea (Confucian scholars who, after passing the state exa- <BR> mination, were appointed in state administration. As Chinese was a difficult <BR> language, only the wealthy could afford to have their sons study the Confucian <BR> classics for many years. The Korean Yangban class became a nobility. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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