ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Early Middle Ages</title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlema.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../biographies/wh/bioema.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Biographies </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 13th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Early Middle Ages </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/wh/hdema.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "burgundy">Kgd. of Burgundy</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "capetian">Capetian Dynasty</A> <BR> <A NAME = "carolingian">Carolingian Dynasty</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "carolrenaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Chiliasm <BR> <A NAME = "eastfrkgd">East Frankish Kgd.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "france">France</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> The Empire <BR> <A NAME = "heptarchy">Heptarchy</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "iroscotchurch">Iro-Scottish Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "italy">Kgd. of Italy</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "lotharingia">Lotharingia</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "merovingian">Merovingian Dynasty</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "millenniarism">Milleniarism</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "natlchurchsystem">Nat'l Church System</A> <BR><BR><BR> Ottonian Dynasty <BR> <A NAME = "papacy">Papacy</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "patronsaint">Patron Saint</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "romankingdom">Roman Kingdom</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "salian">Salian Dynasty</A> <BR> <A NAME = "saxon">Saxon Dynasty</A> <BR> <A NAME = "scotland">Scotland</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> West Frankish Kgd. <BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> established in 855 by partition of the Middle Frankish Kingdom. Temporarily split in <BR> Lower and Upper Burgundy, reunited in 933. In 1032/1034, Roman Emperor Conrad II. <BR> was crowned King of Burgundy, in Arles, the Burgundian capital (hence the Kgd. <BR> also called Arelat). Since 1032, the Kgd. of Burgundy was treated as an annex to <BR> the Empire. <BR> ruled France from 987 to 1328. see <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian">Wikipedia Article</A> <BR> ruled the Frankish Kingdom, or parts of it, since 751, when Pepin the Short deposed the <BR> last Merovingian King. Ruled in the West Frankish Kingdom/France until 987, in the East <BR> Frankish Kingdom until 911. see <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian">Wikipedia Article</A> <BR> At Charlemagne's favourite palace at Aachen (in Fr.: Aix-la-Chapelle), scholars, among <BR> them Alcuin of York, Hrabanus Maurus, Paul the Deacon, Eginhard (Einhard) and others <BR> taught and worked; one of their tasks being to develop Old French and Old German as <BR> written languages; their activity id referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance. Due to the <BR> partitioning of the Empire in 843 and to outside threats, it ended. The term 'Carolingian <BR> Renaissance' has been coined/used by modern historians ind is disputed by others. <BR> see under Milleniarism <BR> The East Frankish Kingdom was established by the partitions of the Frankish Kingdom <BR> in 843, 870 and 883. However, these partitions were not intended to be lasting, in 884 <BR> the West and East Frankish Kingdoms were united under one king, Charles the Fat; his <BR> inability to deal with the Viking threat (Great Siege of Paris) resulted in constitutional <BR> reforms of 887/888 which established the indivisibility of the Kingdom, thus creating a <BR> permanent political structure. With coronation of East Frankish King Otto I. as Roman <BR> Emperor in 962, the East Frankish Kingdom assumed a new identity; in the sources it is <BR> refered to as <i>'Roman Kingdom'</i> (see there) <BR> West Frankish Kingdom was established by the partitions of the Frankish Kingdom in 843, <BR> 870 and 880. However, these partitions were not intended to be lasting, in 884 the West <BR> and East Frankish Kingdoms were united under one king, Charles the Fat; his inability <BR> to deal with the Viking threat (Great Siege of Paris) resulted in constitutional reforms of <BR> 887/888 which established the indivisibility of the Kingdom, thus creating a permanent political structure. The name 'France' may be used from then onward, or from 987, begin <BR> of the Capetian dynasty in France. <BR> see under Roman Kingdom <BR> the situation of England being organized in seven kingdoms (Essex, Sussex, Wessex, <BR> Kent, East Anglia, Mercia, Northumberland) who recognized a weak overlord (Offa), but <BR> largely acted independently. The number of the kingdoms was reduced by the Vikings; <BR> the Kings of Wessex, when conquering the Danelaw, unified England (917-927). <BR> In the course of the Anglo-Saxon conquest of England, christendom in England was <BR> wiped out, except for a single community in SE Wales; from there, Wales and Ireland <BR> were converted. This Celtic church, for about two centuries, was cut off from contact <BR> with Rome and developed on her own. Not bishops, but lay abbots held the top <BR> administrative positions. Ireland produced numerous missionaries. When contact with <BR> the Catholic church was reestablished, both sides could not agree over different <BR> practices (such as the date of Easter), and the Irish church did not integrate into the <BR> Catholic church. <BR> Kingdom established by the partition of the Middle Frankish Kingdom in 855. The <BR> Kingdom of Italy included only northern and central Italy, without the Papal State and <BR> Venice. In 1004, Emperor Henry II. of the Saxon Dynasty had himself crowned King of <BR> Italy. Italy from then on was treated like part of the Empire, but was notoriously <BR> rebellious, and Emperors had to lead military expeditions into the country in order to <BR> enforce recognition. <BR> the Land of Lothair, one of the three sons of Lothair , King of the Middle Frankish <BR> Kingdom, whose land was partitioned upon his death in 855. Lotharingia stretched from <BR> the North Sea (Frisia) over Brabant to modern Lorraine (name derived from Lotharingia. <BR> Upon Lothair's death in 869, Lotharingia was contested by the West and East Frankish <BR> Kingdoms, ending up with the East Frankish Kgd. (Treaty of Verdun, 880). <BR> ruled the Franks from the days of Merovech (mid 5th century) until 751; the most important <BR> the belief that Christ would return in the year 1000, and would establish another millenium <BR> of rule of saints, before judgment day would come. Also refered to as chiliasm. <BR> ruler was Clovis who greatly extended the borders of the state. see <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian">Wikipedia Article</A> <BR> a system of church administration which permitted a country to maintain her political <BR> independence. Such a system required an archbishop at her head, and a national patron <BR> saint. <BR> see under Saxon Dynasty <BR> in the fourth and fifth centuries, the bishops of Rome were regarded to be among the five <BR> patriarchs (Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem and Rome), and not the most <BR> important one among these. In the following centuries, the bishops of Rome assumed the <BR> title 'papa' (literally : father), which became pope. They assumed the administration of the <BR> Catholic church in western Europe and, with the help of the Franks, established their <BR> independence from Byzantium; they were given their own territory to rule (Papal State; <BR> Pepinian Donation). <BR> in a time when most people did not have a school education, most people were analphabets, <BR> religiosity was more focussed on rites, contained superstitious elements. The many saints in <BR> the Catholic calendar were believed to intercede on behalf of certain occupations or <BR> nationalities - St. Nicholas on behalf of the sailors, St. Barbara on behalf of the miners; St. <BR> Patrick the Irish patron saint, St. George of England, Aragon and Georgia, St. Denis of <BR> France etc. For newly christianized countries, to have a local person beatified to be <BR> propagated as patron saint - Saint Adalbero (Poland, Bohemia), Saint Stephen (Hungary) <BR> etc., was regarded essential in order to maintain independence. <BR> it was believed that a journey to the site where relics of a saint were preserved would gain <BR> the pilgrim forgiveness for sins committed. Famous churches respectively relics attracted <BR> pilgrims from far away; the most famous, from the 10th century onward, Santiago de la <BR> Compostela in Galicia (Kgd. Leon). Santiago = Saint Jacob. <BR> In 962, East Frankish King Otto I. was crowned Emperor. He pursued a propagandistic <BR> policy titled <i>Renovatio Imperii</i>; this began a tradition, according to which, within <BR> Latin christianity, only the East Frankish King could claim to be a candidate for the <BR> Imperial crown. While this East Frankish Kingdom, in history books often referred to <BR> as Germany, medieval sources <BR> since 962 use the expression <i>'Roman King'</i> (-dom), despite the fact that the city of <BR> Rome was not part of it. Modern historiography, in order to avoid confusion, simply <BR> uses the expression <i>'the Empire'</i>. <BR> Ruled the East Frankish / Roman Kingdom / Empire 1024-1125 <BR> Ruled the East Frankish / Roman Kingdom / Empire 918-1024 <BR> Kingdom established by the merger of Dalriada (a Kgd. established by Irish settlers on the <BR> west coast), Fortriu (the Highland Picts), Strathclyde (Britons in SW Scotland) and Lothian <BR> (a remnant of the English kgd of Northumberland); unification accomplished in 973 <BR> (without the Isles) <BR> see under France <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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