ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Judaism </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tljudaism.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../biographies/wh/biojudaism.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Biographies </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 20th 2004, last revised on May 21st 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Judaism</B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/wh/hdjudaism.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "antisemitism">Anti-Semitism</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "arkofthecovenant">Ark of the Covenant</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "ashkenazim">Ashkenazim</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "assimilation">Assimilation</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "dayofatonement">Atonement, Day of</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "babyloniancaptivity">Babylonian Captivity</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "barkochba">Bar Kochba</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "barmitzvah">Bar Mitzvah</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "covenant">Covenant</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "diaspora">Diaspora</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "emancipation">Emancipation</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "essenes">Essenes</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "exodus">Exodus</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "ghetto">Ghetto</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Hasmoneans <BR> <A NAME = "hassidism">Hassidism</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "holocaust">Holocaust</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "kgdofisrael">Israel, Kgd. of</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "iwrit">Iwrit</A> <BR> <A NAME = "jerusalem">Jerusalem</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "jewishpale">Jewish Pale</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "judah">Judah, Kgd. of</A> <BR><BR><BR> Judengasse <BR> <A NAME = "kabbala">Kabbala</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "khazars">Khazars</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "ladino">Ladino</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "maccabees">Maccabees</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "masada">Masada</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mosaiclaws">Mosaic Laws</A> <BR> <A NAME = "palestine">Palestine</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "passover">Passover</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "pharisees">Pharisees</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "philistines">Philistines</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "pogrom">Pogrom</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "prophet">Prophet</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "rabbi">Rabbi</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "sabbath">Sabbath</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "sadducees">Sadducees</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "sephardim">Sephardim</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "shtetl">Shtetl </A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "synagogue">Synagogue</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "talmud">Talmud</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "torah">Torah</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "yahweh">Yahweh</A> <BR> <A NAME = "yiddish">Yiddish</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> Yom Kippur <BR> <A NAME = "zealots">Zealots</A> <BR><BR><BR> Zion <BR> <A NAME = "zionism">Zionism</A> <BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> a sentiment of antipathy or even hatred toward Jews. Manifest during the middle ages, <BR> when (christian) European cities had to concede residence to Jewish families under <BR> royal protection; the Jews were confined to ghettos, barred from joining guilds and <BR> ordered to be recognizable by dress and hairstyle. Occasionally, royal protection was <BR> withdrawn (during the crusades, or at times the King needed money), anti-Semitic <BR> sentiment turned into violent pogroms. In the 19th century, following emancipation, a <BR> new kind of anti-Semitism emerged, based on resentment of emancipation provided to <BR> the Jews, debt to individual Jews, envy of the success many Jews had in a range of <BR> occupations/fields and a romantic, increasingly aggressive nationalism that permitted <BR> the exclusion of unwanted minorities such as Jews (and Gypsies). This new <BR> Anti-Semitism was formulated in the 'philosophy' of Arthur Gobineau (1853), and was <BR> circulated in print. The most prominent cases of manifest Anti-Semitism in the 19th <BR> century were the Russian Pogroms (since 1881) and the Dreyfus Affair in France <BR> (1890es). They lead to the emergence of Zionism. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1603&letter=A">Jewish <BR> Encyclopedia</A>, 1901-1906 edition <BR> a wooden chest containing the tablets given to Moses on Mt. Sinai; the symbol of the <BR> Jewish tribal federation. With the construction of the Temple in Zion (Jerusalem), it was <BR> given a permanent home. Disappeared with the destruction of the Temple in 70 A.D. <BR> see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1777&letter=A#5378">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> expression originally referring to the Jews from the Empire, especially the German <BR> middle Rhine valley. Ashkenazim, by emigration, have moved into eastern Europe <BR> (Poland, Jewish Pale), also into Western and Central Europe, and, in the 19th/20th c. <BR> from there to the US, Palestine/Israel etc. Often used in contrast to the Sephardim <BR> (Jews from Spain). For many centuries, the language of the Ashkenazim living in <BR> Eastern Europe was Yiddish. <BR> when the Jews of western and central Europe were granted legal emancipation in the <BR> early 19th century, many Jews, by adopting the fashion, language, the bourgeois lifestyle <BR> and culture of their compatriots, tried to overcome the century-old ostracization they and <BR> their ancestors had suffered. A good number of them assumed the identity of German, <BR> French etc. nationals; some gave up their Jewish identity and converted to christianity, in <BR> order to assimilate. This process of assimilation was limited to the countries where Jews <BR> had been granted emancipation; in the Russian Empire (Congress Poland, the Jewish Pale) <BR> the phenomenon was marginal. <BR> Holiest day of the Jewish year; closing the 10 days of repentence. According to Jewish <BR> belief, on this day the fate of individuals as well as nations, for the coming year, is <BR> determined. On Yom Kippur 1973 (Oct. 6th), Egypt and Syria attacked Israel; hence <BR> Yom Kippur War. <BR> an expression referring to the period between the conquest of Jerusalem by <BR> Nebuchadnezzar, King of the Neobabylonian Empire, in 586 B.C., to the permission <BR> granted by Cyrus the Great, Shah of the Persian Empire, to the Jews of Babylonia to <BR> return, in 538 B.C. A part of the Jewish community in Babylonia remained there - <BR> voluntarily so that the expression captivity (or exile) is no longer applied. <BR> Jewish insurrection against Roman rule in 118 A.D., begun in diaspora communities <BR> of Cyrene, Egypt and Cyprus, the center of which then moved to Palestine (in 135). <BR> Bar Kochba, on ordering the execution of a rabbi, lost the support of the rabbis. see article <BR> from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=237&letter=B">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> Hebrew term applied to a boy on completing his thirteenth year, who has then reached <BR> the age of religious duty and responsibility. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=239&letter=B">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> according to Jewish tradition a contract concluded by G-d with Abraham and reconfirmed <BR> with Moses, in Jewish interpretation limited to the Jewish nation. Abraham had agreed on <BR> the practise of circumcision (Brit Milah) and on monotheism. Hence the claim to be the <BR> chosen people. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=837&letter=C">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> the situation of the Jewish people being scattered all over the territory of the Roman <BR> Empire and beyond, and nowhere - not even in Palestine - forming the majority. Literally, <BR> the expression means spotted (all over). Fits the situation of the Jews between the <BR> suppression of the Jewish rebellion by Vespasian and Titus in 66-70 A.D. and the massive <BR> immigration into Palestine after the Balfour Declaration in 1917. The word is of Greek <BR> origin and can also be used for similar situations of other groups (usually applied in a <BR> religious context). see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=329&letter=D">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> In France, Napoleon emancipated the Jews (1804/1811); the other countries of western <BR> and central Europe followed during the first half of the 19th century. Legal emancipation <BR> did not mean that the Jews were accepted as full and equal members of society; <BR> anti-Semitic sentiment still was widespread. The dominant response among the Jewish <BR> community was assimilation. <BR> A Jewish sect, the 'righteous ones', a branch of the Pharisees, originating in the 2nd <BR> century B.C.; they practised communal property. Jesus was influenced by them. see <BR> article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=478&letter=E">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> The departure of the Israelites from Egypt, under the leadership of Moses. Historians date <BR> the event to have taken place in the 15th to 13th century B.C. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=550&letter=E">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> In medieval and early modern European cities, the street or quarter of a city in which the <BR> Jews were compelled to live, and which was closed every evening by gates. Non-Jews <BR> were forbidden to reside here. The word is Italian; the German expression for the same <BR> institution is <i>Judengasse</i>. During the era of enlightenment, the regulations were not <BR> always inforced; with the emancipation of the Jews, the ghettos were dissolved. During the <BR> Holocaust, the German occupation force in Poland arbitrarily assigned certain sections of <BR> Polish cities as ghettos, into which they squeezed the Jewish population of the surrounding <BR> area. These new ghettos were surrounded by walls, the population systematically starved, <BR> only persons with work permit allowed to leave the ghetto in order to work. Finally, the <BR> population was transported off to the annihilation camps. The last residents of the Warsaw <BR> Ghetto in 1943 rebelled, hopelessly outgunned. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=210&letter=G">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> see under Maccabees <BR> a mysticist movement founded in 1736 within the Jewish community of Poland-Lithuania, <BR> emphasizing prayer, joy and the Kabbala. <BR> the genocide of Europe's Jewish population, begun in Nazi Germany following the <BR> Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935, intensified after the so-called Kristallnacht of 1938, <BR> reaching the climax in the annihilation camps of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, Sobibor <BR> and Treblinka. During the German invasion of Russia, SS Rollkommandos followed the <BR> frontline and executed the Jewish population of occupied villages or cities on the spot. <BR> The genocide took a.o. also place in hospitals, where Jewish patients were killed, based <BR> on the Euthanasia Law of 1937. All in all, an estimated 6 million Jews (out of an estimated <BR> total Jewish population in Europe of 11 million) were killed between 1935 and 1945. <BR> Kingdom, created by the break-up of the Kingdom of David and Salomon in 934 B.C.; <BR> conquered and depopulated/resettled by the Assyrians in 722 B.C. After that date, known <BR> as Samaria. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=294&letter=I">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> Hebrew alphabet <BR> the name Jerusalem is derived from Hierosolymam, the Hellenistic name of Zion. Capital <BR> of the Kingdom, later of Judah, since the time of King David. Arab name al Quds. <BR> In the 19th century, regions in the west and south west of the Russian Empire with a high <BR> concentration of Jews. These areas historically had belonged to Poland-Lithuania, and <BR> had gradually been annexed by Russia, the larger part in the Polish Partitions 1772-1795 <BR> (mainly Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine). Russia did not emancipate the Jews in the 19th <BR> century, and, following the assassination of Czar Alexander II. in 1881, limited the rights <BR> of Jews to settle and move to the Jewish pale. see article <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=479&letter=R">Russia</A> from <BR> Jewish Encyclopedia <BR> Kingdom, created by the break-up of the Kingdom of David and Salomon in 934 B.C.; <BR> conquered by the Babylonians in 586 B.C. capital Jerusalem. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=593&letter=J">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> see under <i>ghetto</i> <BR> The specific term for the esoteric or mystic Jewish doctrine concerning God and the <BR> universe, asserted to have come down as a revelation to elect saints from a remote past, <BR> and preserved only by a privileged few. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1&letter=C">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> a Turkic people, pastoral nomads which controlled the steppe of southern Russia, on the <BR> banks of the lower Don and Volga Rivers, from the 7th to the 10th century A.D. In the 7th <BR> or 8th century, they converted to Judaism (they had come in contact with Jewish <BR> communities on the Crimean peninsula). The Khazar state, in the 10th century, suffered <BR> defeat by the Russians; more dangerous were newly arriving people from Central Asia, <BR> such as the Patzinaks. The <i>Khazarian Letters</i> document Jewish life in Khazaria. <BR> see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=402&letter=C">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> language of the Jews from Saloniki (the community, for centuries having formed the <BR> population majority of that city, having been almost exterminated during the Holocaust), <BR> the Saloniki Jews being descendants of Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 (Sephardim). <BR> the language is closely related to Spanish. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=591&letter=J">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> In the mid-second century B.C., members of the Hasmonean or Maccabean family lead <BR> a Jewish rebellion against Seleucid rule. Independence of Judah was recognized in 139; <BR> the last ruler of the Dynasty was Herod (-4 B.C.). see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=351&letter=H">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> mountain palace-fortress in the desert, constructed under Herod. Following the uprising <BR> against Rome in 66-70, Jewish zealots who continued to resist established Masada as <BR> their basis, from where they raided Roman Palestine. Fell to the Romans after three <BR> years of siege. On the eve of the Roman conquest, the garrison committed mass <BR> suicide. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=238&letter=M">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> (the laws of Moses) the Ten Commandments <BR> a geographical expression referring to modern Israel, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. <BR> The word is derived from the Philistines; was applied to the region in Graeco-Roman times. <BR> Only a geographical term during the Ottoman Empire. In 1920 the League of Nations <BR> entrusted the United Kingdom with a mandate over Palestine (which, until 1922, included <BR> Transjordan, present Jordan). In 1948 the British withdrew from Palestine and the United <BR> Nations decided the country to be split in a Jewish and an Arab State. <BR> important festival in the Jewish calendar, when the first-born lamb was to be sacrificed. <BR> In christian tradition, it is often identified with easter (the Dutch word for Easter is 'Pasen'). <BR> see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=98&letter=P">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> A school of Jewish scholars who emphasized life in strict accordance of the law. Their <BR> main opponents were the Sadducees. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=252&letter=P">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> a people who settled in the coastal regions of Palestine in the 12th c. B.C., believed to <BR> be a branch of the 'Sea Peoples' the invasion of which was fought off by the Egyptians. <BR> They were polytheistic; the Hebrews withdrew to the hill country and fought the Philistines <BR> over several generations. In the course of this struggle, the Hebrew Kingdom was forged. <BR> The name Palestine is derived from the Philistines. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=272&letter=P">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> mob violence against a defenseless minority. In 19th century Russia, Czar Alexander III. <BR> blamed the Jews for the assassination of his father, Czar Alexander II. (1881). He had <BR> Russian local authorities instigate pogroms against the Jewish population of cities in the <BR> Jewish Pale, thus causing mass emigration. The so-called Kristallnacht (Germany 1938) <BR> also fits the description of a pogrom. <BR> in the old testament, the word is used to describe Jewish priests. As the most prominent <BR> prophets whose feats are discussed in the old testament often made predictions, in the <BR> English language the word is used to describe persons who correctly predict the future. <BR> see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=554&letter=P">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> the Jewish equivalent to a christian priest; more precisely a learned man, teacher of the law <BR> and spiritual head of the community. Rabbis were the leaders of Jewish communities since <BR> the 2nd century A.D. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=30&letter=R">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> Holy day of the Jewish week (seventh day of the week), from sundown on Friday to <BR> sundown on Saturday. <BR> A school of Jewish scholars opposed to the Pharisees. The Sadducees believed in the <BR> literal interpretation of the Torah and were more accepting of Hellenism. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=40&letter=S">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> assembly of notables at Jerusalem, highest authority in the country. There were actually <BR> several assemblies by that name, political and religious ones. In the first century B.C., here <BR> Sadducees and Pharisees vied for domination. Napoleon reestablished a Sanhedrin in <BR> 1807. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=229&letter=S">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> name for the Jews of Spain (in the middle ages) and their descendants. In 1492 the Jews of <BR> Spain were expelled, and most of them emigrated into North Africa or the Ottoman Empire; <BR> a large community of Sephardim settled in Saloniki (Greece). Many of these Sephardim <BR> held on to their Ladino language. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=481&letter=S">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> literally 'small city', cliche for the social environment in which Jews lived in Poland-<BR> Lithuania and, after the Polish Partitions (1772-1795), in the Russian Empire (Jewish Pale), <BR> Austrian Galicia and Prussian Posen. Depicted in movies such as "Fiddler on the Roof". <BR> Jewish equivalent to the church. First mentioned during the Jewish exile in Egypt. <BR> see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1212&letter=S">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> a name for compilations of Jewish tradition; two major Talmuds are distinguised, one <BR> compiled in Jerusalem, the other (regarded more important) in Babylon in the 7th century <BR> A.D. Contains much of the Old Testament, but also legal tradition. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=32&letter=T">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> The five books of Moses, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. <BR> see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=265&letter=T">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> literally, the one whose name is not to be spoken; expression Jews use for G-d <BR> many of the Ashkenazim Jews living in Poland-Lithuania (and, following the Polish <BR> Partitions, in the Russian Empire (the Jewish Pale), Austrian Galicia. later in Poland, the <BR> USSR, held on to the language of their ancestors - Yiddish, based on medieval German <BR> as spoken in the middle Rhein valley. <BR> see Atonement, Day of <BR> a faction of radical Jews who insisted on preserving Jewish laws and traditions in the face <BR> of foreign influences, in the time of Roman rule. The defenders of Masada were zealots. <BR> see article from <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=49&letter=Z">Jewish Encyclopedia</A> <BR> old name of Jerusalem <BR> ideology of a Jewish nation and the need for a nation-state. Among the leading protagonists <BR> was Theodor Herzl, author of "Der Judenstaat" (the Jewish State, 1896). The first Zionist <BR> Congress was held in 1897. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> Online Reference : <BR> Judaism 101, A Glossary of Basic Jewish Terms and Concepts, posted by <A HREF = "http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/index.htm">Orthodox Union</A> <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp">Jewish Encyclopedia</A>, 1901-1906 edition <BR><BR> Printed Reference : <BR> Geoffrey Wigoder (ed.), The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia, (1959), revised edition Oxford : Roundhouse 1992, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>R 296.03 W661n</B> <BR><BR> Note : as Jews use the Hebrew alphabet, many expressions relating to Jewish institutions, traditions etc., exist, in Latin alphabet, in a variety of spellings. For instance, Kabbala appears as Cabala or Kabbalah, Hassidism as Chassidism etc. Another problem, a number of names for such institutions, traditions etc. commonly used have been given by their non-Jewish hosts and differ from expressions used by Jews themselves. </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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