ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : North America</title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlnamerica.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../biographies/wh/bionamerica.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Biographies </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on June 18th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : North America </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/wh/hdnamerica.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "acadia">Acadia</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "alaska">Alaska</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "americanrevolution">American Revolution</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "california">California</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "canada">Canada</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cotton">Cotton</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "dustbowl">Dust Bowl</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "ellisisland">Ellis Island</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "florida">Florida</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "frenchandindianwar">French and Indian War</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "greatdepression">Great Depression</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "haymarketriot">Haymarket Riot</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "homesteadact">Homestead Act</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "immigration">Immigration</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "indianwars">Indian Wars</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "iroquois">Iroquois Federation</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "louisiana">Louisiana</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "maryland">Maryland</A> <BR> <A NAME = "massachusetts">Massachusetts</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mccarthyism">McCarthyism</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> NAFTA <BR> <A NAME = "newdeal">New Deal</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "newfoundland">Newfoundland</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "newnetherland">New Netherland</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "newsweden">New Sweden</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "newyork">New York</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "pilgrimfathers">Pilgrim Fathers</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "prohibition">Prohibition</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "quebec">Quebec</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "redscare">Red Scare</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "stpierreetmiquelon">St. Pierre et Miquelon</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "texas">Texas</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "usconstitution">U.S. Constitution</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "virginia">Virginia</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "wallstreetcrash">Wall Street Crash</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "wic">W.I.C.</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "yellowperil">Yellow Peril</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> historical region comprising of modern New Brunswick, Nova Scoria, Prince Edward <BR> Island; settled by the French in the early 17th century; ceded by France to Britain in <BR> 1713. When the Franco-Acadian population in 1754 refused to swear an oath of <BR> loyalty to the British crown, the Franco-Acadians were deported (a group of Acadians <BR> went to Louisiana, where their descendants are known as Cajuns). Acadia in 1713 <BR> had been partitioned into New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island. <BR> claimed for Russia by Vitus Bering in 1741; the prime Russian interest in Alaska lay <BR> in the acquisition of fur. In 1867, Russia sold Alaska to the U.S. ("Seward's Ice-box"). <BR> In 1896 gold was found in Klondyke; in 1959 Alaska was admitted to the U.S. as a <BR> state. <BR> began with the Battle of Lexington and Concord 1775; declaration of Independence <BR> 1776; ended with Treaty of Paris 1783. Caused by what was perceived as British <BR> mismanagement of the American colonies, disregard for the interests of the colonials; <BR> based on enlightenment thought. Defeat at the hands of the British was narrowly <BR> avoided, with the aid of the French, Spanish and Dutch. The war influenced the U.S. <BR> constitution by creating a strong executive, while maintaining the federal principle. <BR> (Northern California) first permanent European settlement Spanish Franciscan missions <BR> since 1769. Ceded by Mexico to U.S. following Mexican-American War of 1846-1848; <BR> California Gold Rush 1849. In 1853 the Perry expedition left San Francisco for Japan. <BR> During the Dust Bowl & Great Depression, C. attracted migrants from other states; <BR> San Francisco became main U.S. port on the Pacific, Los Angeles center of the movie <BR> industry; Silicon valley added to C.'s attractivity. State with largest population within the <BR> U.S.A. <BR> until 1763 called New France; ceded to Britain in 1763 and renamed Canada. Lower <BR> Canada = Quebec, Upper Canada = Ontario. In 1867 granted Home Rule, then joined <BR> by New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island. By 1880 Manitoba, Saskatchewan, <BR> Alberta, British Columbia had joined; in 1949 Newfoundland and Labrador joined. <BR> Canada has two official languages, English and French; in the province of Quebec <BR> French is the dominant language. <BR> the main plantation crop in the southern U.S. states; during the earlt 19th century <BR> American cotton was the best of its kind; the Industrial Revolution increased demand. <BR> a term describing regions within the Great Plains where intensive farming in combination <BR> with a lengthy drought caused soil erosion by the wind (sandstorms). The worst case is <BR> recorded for 1933-1934. <BR> island off New York, where U.S. authorities processed the applications of immigrants <BR> and had them undergo a health check. Began operation in 1892, closed down in 1954; <BR> had processed more than 12 million immigrants. Today a museum. <BR> discovered by the Spanish in 1513; first permanent Eur. settlement established at St. <BR> Augustine in 1565; Florida ceded by Spain to Britain in 1763, by Britain to Spain in <BR> 1783, by Spain to the U.S. in 1819/1821. <BR> sideshow of the Seven Years War, fought on the American continent between England <BR> and France and their respective Amerindian allies. Began earlier than the war in Europe; <BR> features as historical background to Cooper's <i>Last of the Mohicans</i>. Although <BR> initially successful, the French lost; in 1763 they ceded New France to Britain. <BR> lengthy economic recession beginning with the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Caused <BR> high employment, deflation; the Hoover administration responded with salary cuts. <BR> FDR offered the New Deal policy as a solution, state-run employment programs; yet <BR> only World War II overcame it. <BR> during a demonstration organized by labour unions in Chicago, police was ordered to <BR> disperse the crowd. Then a bomb was thrown, killing 12 (perpetrator presumably an <BR> anarchist). <BR> U.S. act of 1862 which permitted anyone to claim up to 160 acres of land, which, after <BR> having been cleared and cultivated for 5 years, would become property of the claimant <BR> In 1800 the U.S. had c. 4.000.000 inhabitants. As the number of immigrants from <BR> Britain declined sharply since U.S. independence, the U.S. concluded treaties with <BR> European nations in which the latter agreed to guarantee the right of emigration to <BR> their citizens. The number of immigrants to the U.S. rose sharply, when steamships <BR> were introduced on the North Atlantic, again to increase when political unrest or <BR> economic distress hit the home countries of the immigrants. In the late 19th century, <BR> immigrants from non-European countries became a significant factor; since WW II <BR> immigration from Europe declined. The U.S. population presently is 292,000,000, and <BR> immigration is still continuing. Canada similarly is an immigration country. <BR> began shortly after the first settlement of the colonies. In 1861-1877 the U.S. fought a <BR> series of wars with various Indian tribes in order to put them on reservations and open <BR> their land for white settlement. The best known event in these Indian Wars is the <BR> defeat and annihilation of George Armstrong Custer's 7th Cavalry at the hands of <BR> Sitting Bull's Sioux in the Battle of Little Big Horn 1876. <BR> Federation of several Amerindian tribes - the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga and <BR> Seneca (5 Nations), in 1720 joined by the Tuscarora. They inhabited New York, parts <BR> of Ontario and Quebec. Ally of the English in the French and Indian War. <BR> the French colony of Louisiana used to cover modern L. and the entire right bank of <BR> the Missouri (respectively her basin), up to the Canadian border. Only in 1699 did the <BR> French establish a permanent settlement in the modern state of L.; administrated <BR> from New France (Quebec), L. became a separate entity when France ceded Canada <BR> to Britain in 1763. In 1762, France had ceded L. to Spain; in 1800 Spain ceded L. <BR> back to France; in 1803 France (Napoleon Bonaparte) sold it to the U.S. <BR> established in 1634 as a settlement colony for English Catholics. <BR> founded as a Puritan Utopia in 1620; in 1684 charter withdrawn, in 1691 royal <BR> province; in the 1770es center of resistance against British rule (Boston Tea Party <BR> 1773, in 1775 declared being rebellious. One of the original 13 States. <BR> phenomenon named after the dominant figure, U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, 1950- <BR> 1954, anti-communist hysteria. As the USSR, based on espionage, in 1948 test- <BR> exploded her first nuclear bomb, there was a wide-spread fear of further espionage, <BR> sabotage etc. Sen. McCarthy headed the Committee against Anti-American <BR> Activities and pointed at people (often without evidence), accusing them of being <BR> communist. Actor Charlie Chaplin was evicted from the U.S. because his lifestyle <BR> supposedly undermined American morale (he had been divorced 7 times). Senator <BR> McCarthy in 1954 was proven to be a fraud. <BR> click <A HREF = "hdcamerica.html#nafta">here</A> <BR> expression for a set of policies attempted by Franklin D. Roosevelt to get the U.S. <BR> out of the recession (Great Depression). It included state-financed projects which <BR> provided employment (Tennessee Valley Project), measures to support banks in <BR> danger of closing down etc. <BR> discovered by Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) in 1497, claimed by English and the <BR> Portuguese, French. City of St. John's emerged in an undocumented period; in 1583 <BR> it was claimed for England by Sir Humphrey Gilbert. In 1713 France ceded her share <BR> of the island. Responsible Government introduced 1855. In 1949 British rule was <BR> terminated; Newfoundland opted to join Canada. <BR> In 1609, Henry Hudson, sailing for the Dutch, explored the Hudson River. In 1614- <BR> 1618 the Dutch garrisoned Fort Oranje (Albany), the colony being named New <BR> Netherland. In 1625, Peter Minuit acquired Manhattan, where Niue Amsterdam was <BR> founded. In 1655 New Sweden was annexed, New Netherland now encompassing <BR> Delaware, all of New Jersey and New York State. In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant sur- <BR> rendered New Netherland to an English fleet sailing in the name of James Duke of <BR> York. <BR> established in 1638 in Delaware; later included western New Jersey. In 1655 taken <BR> by Peter Stuyvesant, annexed into New Netherland. <BR> founded in 1625 as Nieue Amsterdam; in 1664 taken by an English fleet sailing for <BR> James Duke of York, and renamed New York. After U.S. independence 1776/1783 <BR> NY became the main U.S. port on the Atlantic. Most immigrants passed through <BR> the city. Today the largest city in the U.S., NY Stock Exchange the leading institute <BR> of its kind. City cosmopolitan. <BR> established when Quaker William Penn in 1681 was granted a charter. Attracted <BR> Quakers, Anabaptists and other settlers. One of the original 13 colonies.<BR> name describing the first generation immigrants who settled in Massachusetts in the <BR> 1620es, Puritans, originally from England, who had spent several years in exile in <BR> the Dutch Republic. They intended to make Massachusetts a Puritan Utopia. <BR> in the U.S., 1919-1933, a period in which the production, sale and ownership of <BR> alcoholic beverages was banned. Resulted in bootlegging, smuggling and the <BR> emergence of business-size organized crime. <BR> the city of Q. was founded in 1608 and soon became the capital of New France. <BR> In 1759 taken by the English; in 1763 France ceded Canada to Britain. In 1791 <BR> Canada was divided into Upper Canada (Ontario) and Lower Canada (Quebec). <BR> Franco-Canadians long felt as second-class citizens; after WW II Quebec saw <BR> the emergence of a separatist movement. In two referenda, Quebecquois inde- <BR> pendence was rejected; in 1977 French was made sole official language in Q. <BR> describes two periods in which there was a fear of communism and an anti- <BR> communist hysteria in the U.S., the first 1917-1920, the second 1949-1954. <BR> For the latter see McCarthyism. The first was caused by the violence of the <BR> Russian Revolution of 1917 and by the suvsequent revolutions in Germany, <BR> Italy etc. in 1918. In these years, the U.S. make concessions to the Labour <BR> Movement, such as introducing the 8-hour workday. <BR> islands off the coast of Newfoundland, used by French fishermen since the 16th <BR> century. Settled by the French in the early 17th century; frequently occupied by <BR> the British, regularly returned to the French when hostilities were over. French <BR> Overseas Department since 1976. population c.7,000. <BR> part of New Spain (Spanish Mexico) until 1821; of Mexico 1821-1836. In 1836 <BR> Texas declared independence and an invading Mexican army unter Mexican <BR> President Santa Ana was defeated. In 1845 Texas joined the U.S. Originally <BR> Spanish-speaking, due to immigration English became the dominant language. <BR> completed in 1787, adopted in 1789, established a strong executive in a federal <BR> republic. The Senate intended to guard over the rights of the individual states. <BR> The U.S. constitution, with a few amendments, has lasted for over 200 years, <BR> a feat unparalleled in the history of modern democracy. <BR> first permanent English settlement, Jamestown, founded in 1607 (colony named <BR> after Elizabeth I., the Virgin Queen, who had sent the first colonists in 1587). <BR> In 1619 the first representative assembly met in Jamestown. In 1624 the charter <BR> or the Virginia Company was revoked, V. made a crown colony. Became one of <BR> the original 13 states. During the Civil War part of the Confederacy. <BR> on Oct. 24th 1929 the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) crashed; many stocks <BR> lost significantly in value. The event triggered the Great Depression, not only in <BR> the U.S., but worldwide. <BR> West-Indische Compagnie, in English also referred to as the Dutch West India <BR> Company, established in 1621; after Piet Heyn succeeded in taking the Spanish <BR> Silver Fleet in 1628, the windfall was used to finance an expedition which took <BR> NE Brazil in 1630 (sugar plantation country). Established colonies in Africa <BR> (Gold Coast (Elmina)), in the Caribbean (Cura&ccedil;ao etc.), New Netherland. <BR> New Netherland was lost in 1664; the E.I.C. folded in 1674. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company">Wikipedia</A> <BR> in the later half of the 19th century, white workers, especially in California feared <BR> their livelihood was threatened by immigrant Chinese (and other East Asian) <BR> workers. Acts of volence were committed, and a political campaign resulted in <BR> the U.S. Chinese exclusion Act of 1882. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> John Mack Faragher (ed.), <A HREF = "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0805044388/">The American Heritage Encyclopedia of American History</A>, NY : Henry Holt 1998, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>R 973.003 F219t</B> <BR> Paul S. Boyer et al. (ed.), <A HREF = "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0195082095/">The Oxford Companion to United States History</A>, Oxford : OUP 2001, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>R 973.03 B791o</B> <BR> Thomas L. Purvis (ed.), <A HREF = "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1577180992/">A Dictionary of American History</A>, Blackwell 1997, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>R 973.003 P986a</B> <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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