ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Orthodox Christianity </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlorthodoxy.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../biographies/wh/bioorthodoxy.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Biographies </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 23rd 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Orthodox Christianity, other Christian Churches of the East </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/wh/hdorthodoxy.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "armenianch">Armenian Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "assyrianch">Assyrian Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mtathos">Athos, Mount</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "autokephalous">autokephalous</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "bezpopovtsy">Bezpopovtsy</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "bogomils">Bogomils</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "bulgarianch">Bulgarian <BR> Orthodox Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "byzantineempire">Byzantine Empire</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "byzantinerite">Byzantine Rite</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "chaldaeanch">Chaldaean <BR> Catholic Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "copticch">Coptic Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cyrillicalphabet">Cyrillic Alphabet</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "dukhobory">Dukhobory</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "despotateofepirus">Epirus, Despotate of</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "exarchate">Exarchate</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "georgianch">Georgian <BR> Orthodox Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "glagolithicalphabet">Glagolithic Alphabet</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "greekch">Greek <BR> Orthodox Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hagiasophia">Hagia Sophia</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "holysynod">Holy Synod</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hippodrome">Hippodrome</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "icon">Icon</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "iconostasis">Iconostasis</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "jacobitech">Jacobite Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "kievanrus">Kievan Rus</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "latinempire">Latin Empire</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mantzikert">Mantzikert, Battle of</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "maronitech">Maronite Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "melkitech">Melkite Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "metropolit">Metropolit</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "monophysitism">Monophysitism</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "gdmuscovy">Muscovy, <BR> Grand Duchy of</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "despotateofnicaea">Nicaea, Despotate of</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "nikeriots">Nike Riots</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "oldbelievers">Old Believers</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "patriarch">Patriarch</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Paulicians <BR> <A NAME = "phanariots">Phanariots</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "popovtsy">Popovtsy</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "romanianch">Romanian <BR> Orthodox Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "secondrome">Rome, Second</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "thirdrome">Rome, Third</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "russianch">Russian <BR> Orthodox Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "greatschism">Schism, Great</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "serbianch">Serbian <BR> Orthodox Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "syrianch">Syrian Orthodox Church</A> <BR> <A NAME = "empireoftrebizond">Trebizond, Empire of</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "uniatech">Uniate Church</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "unionofbrest">Union of Brest</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> Armenia converted to christianity in 301. In 404 the Armenian alphabet was <BR> introduced, Greek and Syriac languages in worship replaced by Armenian. The <BR> bible was translated into Armenian in the 5th century. The Armenian Church was <BR> represented at the Council of Ephesus (431), but did not recognize the <BR> decisions of the Council of Chalcedon (451). Hence, the Armenian church did <BR> not recognize the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople. Today, the <BR> Armenian church is lead by two Armenian Patriarchs, residing in Constantinople <BR> and Jerusalem. The Catholicos, between 1294 and 1441, resided in Sis in <BR> Lesser Armenia; in 1441 the seat of the office was moved to Etchmiadzin. Another <BR> line of Catholicos' continued to reside in Sis until 1920, when it moved to Antilias, <BR> Lebanon. Today, the Catholicos in Etchmiadzin is the leading religious authority <BR> in the Republic of Armenia. see narrative from <A HREF = "http://www.armeniaemb.org/DiscoverArmenia/ArmenianChurch/Index.htm">Armenian Embassy</A> <BR> the church of N. Mesopotamia (Persia); broke with the Catholic Church after the <BR> Council of Ephesus (431), refusing to accept the decision to brand Nestorianism <BR> a heresy. From northern Mesopotamia, Nestorian (Assyrian) missionaries <BR> brought christianity to India and China. Language : Syriac. Headed by the <BR> Patriarch in Alqosh, N. Iraq, (a post which was hereditary between 1552 and <BR> 1908); an elected rival had himself appointed by the pope and took up residence <BR> in Diyarbakir. Since 1908 the Assyrian christians who used to recognize the <BR> Patriarch of Alqosh recognize the Patriarch of the Chaldaean Catholic Church <BR> (i.e. the Patriarch at Diyarbakir). <BR> Monastic Republic, located on the easternmost extension of the Chalkidike <BR> peninsula. Established in 963/1054, the republic is a theocracy, a federation of <BR> 20 monasteries, among them Greek, Serbian, Bulgarian, Russian and Georgian <BR> monasteries. No women, not even female mammals, are permitted on its <BR> territory. Privileged in Byzantine and Ottoman times. <BR> also spelled autocephalous; means self-governing, referring to branches of the <BR> Orthodox Church. Autokephalous church provinces had their own patriarch and <BR> church administration. <BR> branch of the Old Believers (Raskolniki) who refused to accept the reforms <BR> introduced by Patriarch of Moscow Nikon in 1666. The Bezpopovtsy organized <BR> communities without priests; the obly sacrament they recognized was baptism. <BR> also known as Paulicians, a gnostic sect which emerged in Bulgaria (9th to <BR> 13th century), was declared a heresy and persecuted. Spread to Bosnia; is <BR> said to have influenced the emergence of the Catharian (Albigensian) sect in <BR> Languedoc. <BR> In 865, Bulgaria adopted Orthodox christianity as state religion. Slavic liturgy <BR> and script was introduced. In 919 the Bulgarian church became autokephalous <BR> (intr. of Bulg. Patriarchate), 927 recognized as such by Constantinople. The <BR> seat of the patriarchate moved repeatedly, finally established at Ohrid (late 10th <BR> century). After the conquest of Bulgaria by Byzantium, the patriarch at Ohrid <BR> was reduced to archbishop. The Bulgarian Orthodox church, with its <BR> administrative center in Ohrid, remained autokephalous, under Byzantine resp. <BR> Ottoman rule, until 1767. When the Second Bulgarian Empire was founded <BR> (1185/1186), her capital Trnovo was made seat of an archbishopric, which in <BR> 1235 was elevated to the seat of a patriarch. This status ended with the <BR> Ottoman conquest of 1393; the (eastern) Bulgarian church was placed under <BR> the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople. A Bulgarian Exarchate with <BR> seat in Istanbul was established in 1870; the seat of the exarchate was moved <BR> to Sofia in 1913, Bulgaria became autokephalous in 1953 with the <BR> establishment of a Bulgarian Patriarchate. see narrative from <A HREF = "http://bulch.tripod.com/boc/historyen.htm">Official Website <BR> of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church</A> <BR> Upon the death of Emperor Theodosius in 395, the Roman Empire was divided <BR> into a Western and an Eastern Empire. The partition turned out to be lasting, <BR> and the Western Empire soon fell to Germanic invaders. The Eastern Empire, <BR> in contemporary sources, is referred to, simply, as the Roman Empire <BR> (Constantinople the Second Rome). Historians have introduced the term <BR> Byzantine Empire to distinguish the Greek and Christian Roman Empire from <BR> the previous, Latin Roman Empire, and the, for most of its history, pagan <BR> Roman Empire. The Byzantine Empire adopted christianity as state religion, <BR> closed down the last institutions of Hellenistic paganism, lasted until the fall of <BR> Constantinople in 1453 (with the interlude of the Latin Empire 1204-1261). <BR> developed in Antioch; Greek used as language in the Greek Orthodox Ch. (the <BR> others often used languages which were the vernacular centuries ago, such <BR> as Old Church Slavonic); Julian Calendar; the notion that precisely following <BR> the prescribed ritual would bring salvation, while any deviation would <BR> jeopardize it. The Uniate Church follows the Eastern (in essence Byzantine) <BR> Rite. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04312d.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> an expression to describe the subjection of the Patriarch of Constantinople <BR> to the will of the Emperor. The Patriarch lived too close to the Emperor to <BR> develop an independent stand. The term implies a western European <BR> perspective (where Emperor and Pope lived distant from each other, and <BR> during the Conflict of Investitures, conflicted.). <BR> est. 1552 by an elected Assyrian Patriarch who was expelled by relatives of <BR> the previous patriarch (seat Alqosh) who claimed the office to have become <BR> hereditary. The elected Patriarch had himself appointed by the pope and <BR> established himself in Diyarbakir. In 1908 the line of Alqosh patriarchs died <BR> out, and the community of Assyrian christians was reunited, under the name <BR> of the Chaldaean Catholic Church. During WW I and in Iraq, the Assyrian <BR> Christians suffered persecution and many emigrated; the Patriarch now <BR> resides in Chicago. <BR> Church of Egypt, headed by the Patriarch of Alexandria. Refused to accept <BR> the decision of the Council of Ephesus 431; separate from the Orthodox <BR> Church ever since. The Ethiopian church used to recognize the Coptic <BR> Patriarch as their superior. Today, Copts make up c.8 % of the Egyptian <BR> population. see narrative from <A HREF = "http://www.coptic.net/EncyclopediaCoptica/">Encyclopedia Coptica</A> <BR> the Cyrillic alphabet is named after St. Cyril, apostle of the Slavs, who, in the <BR> 9th century, together with Methodius, was missionary in Moravia and <BR> developed Old Church Slavonic as a written language. However, the <BR> alphabet introduced by him was Glagolithic; the Cyrillic alphabet emerged <BR> in Bulgaria in the 10th century and over the following century replaced <BR> Glagolithic. <BR> branch of the Bezpopovtsy; in the 19th century, many of them (living in a <BR> comparatively small number of peasant communities) emigrated to <BR> Canada. <BR> When Constantinople was conquered by the crusaders in 1204 and the <BR> Latin Empire was established, the Byzantinian province of Epirus did not <BR> recognize the new government, and the governor (despot) ruled <BR> independently. In c.1246, the Despot recognized the sovereignty of the <BR> Orthodox Emperor of Nicaea, who in 1261 retook Constantinople and <BR> reestablished the Byzantine Empire, by which Epirus formally was annexed <BR> in 1336-1349. <BR> district of an exarch, a church official suffragan to the Patriarch (of <BR> Constantinople). <BR> christianity became state religion in Kartli (eastern Georgia) in the 330es; <BR> introduced in western Georgia in the 5th century. In 466 the Bishop of <BR> Mtskheta was elevated to Catholicos of Kartli; the church of Georgia <BR> became autokephalous. In 1010 the Catholicos was elevated Patriarch. <BR> Kartli was annexed by Russia in 1801; in 1811 the autokephalous status <BR> of the Georgian church was cancelled, the church integrated in the <BR> Russian Orthodox Church. In 1989 the autokephalous status was restored. <BR> first alphabet used to write Old Church Slavonic, from the 9th century <BR> onward. In the 10th and following centuries, replaced by Cyrillic alphabet. <BR> From the moment christianity became an official religion in the Roman Empire, <BR> her political center was established in Constantinople (where the preeminent <BR> Patriarch was to reside) and around the city, where all the early ecumenical <BR> Church Councils were held. As not only the patriarchs, but also the <BR> ecumenical councils, were under the control of the Emperor residing in <BR> Constantinople, religious interpretations dubbed heresies could not take <BR> lasting hold in the city and area. Greeks thus will regard the Greek Orthodox <BR> Church as the original, the core church of which all others broke away at <BR> some point of time. Formally, the breach between Constantinople and Rome <BR> occurred in 1054 (Great Schism); by that time, Rome and Constantinople <BR> differed in church language, rite and a number of practices. During the years <BR> of Ottoman Rule, the Patriarch of Constantinople politically represented the <BR> Greek Orthodox christians living in the Empire (including non-Greek nationals, <BR> such as the Bulgarians). see narrative by <A HREF = "http://www.patriarchate.org/book/PATHIST_TABLE_OF_CONTENTS">Deno Geanakoplos</A> <BR> constructed in Constantinople 532-537 under Emperor Justinian; until 1453 <BR> the most beautiful church in christianity; with the conquest of Constantinople <BR> by the Ottomans converted into a Mosque. Since 1934 a museum. <BR> In 1700, upon the death of the Patriarch of Moscow, Czar Peter the Great <BR> abolished the office, replacing it in 1721 with a Holy Synod, a council of <BR> church representatives (an instrument he used to divert church revenues for <BR> his political goals). see article from <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07428a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> chariot race track, the center of social life in Constantinople. From here the <BR> Nike riots spread into the city in 532. The venue of political displays, such <BR> as the presentation of high-ranking prisoners of war to the people of <BR> Constantinople. Plundered by the crusaders in 1204, it never recovered <BR> from the blow. <BR> the Greek word 'icon' stands for any painting; the word, in Greek or as <BR> loanword, is often used for paintings of saints or biblical scenes. For many <BR> Orthodox christians, these paintings themselves have healing power. <BR> some theologians argued that any attempt to portrait God father, Christ or <BR> any of the saints was blasphemous. In the Byzantine Empire, icons were <BR> ordered to be destroyed in 730 (-787) and again 813-843. Outside of the <BR> Byzantine Empire, orders to destroy the icons have largely been ignored, <BR> and in the Empire these orders have caused quite some stir, as many <BR> believed in the healing powers of icons. In 843, the opponents of <BR> iconoclasm prevailed. <BR> screen or wall separating the nave (i.e. the parish) from the sanctuary in <BR> the Orthodox church. Only ordained priests are permitted to enter the <BR> sanctuary. The iconostasis blocks the view of the parishioners at the altar; <BR> much of the rites thus is performed outside of their view. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07626a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A>. <BR> also referred to as the Syrian Orthodox Church, headed by the Patriarch of <BR> Antioch (presently the patriarch resides in Damascus). The Syrian Orthodox <BR> Church believes in Monophysitism; the name Jacobite derives from Jacobus <BR> Baradaeus, bishop since c.541. Liturgy in Syriac (Aramaeic). <BR> oldest Russian state on record, founded by the Rurikids; Kiev conquered by <BR> Rurik's son Oleg in 882. Kievan Rus was a federation of principalities, in which <BR> the ruler of Kiev was regarded the head of state. Orthodox christianity was <BR> introduced in 988; Kievan Rus was destroyed by the Kipchak Tatars in 1240. <BR> Crusaders en route to Palestine in 1203 were diverted to conquer <BR> Constantinople for Alexius, a claimant to the Byzantinian throne. This they did, <BR> but Alexius was unable to make good on his promise to pay them. He was <BR> deposed, and a crusader, Baldwin of Flanders, elected Emperor instead <BR> (Latin Empire, 1204-1261). Baldwin died already the following year. The <BR> crusaders fought over fiefs, and by attempting to force Catholicism on the <BR> Orthodox population, alienated the latter. Outlying provinces of the Empire <BR> (Epirus, Nicaea, Trebizond) refused to recognize the sovereignty of the Latin <BR> Emperor and took up arms against him; Constantinople fell in 1261. On the <BR> Peloponnese and in the Aegaean some crusader principalities remained the <BR> last remnants of the Latin Empire, until they were conquered by the Ottoman <BR> Turks in the 15th/16th century. <BR> fought on August 26th 1071. A Byzantine army suffered a crushing defeat at <BR> the hands of the Seljuk Turks, commanded by Alp Arslan. The Seljuk victory <BR> opened Anatolia up to Seljuk raids and settlement. <BR> in 518 the church of Syria broke in two groups, the Chalcedonians and those <BR> who rejected the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon. The former group, <BR> with a patriarch of their own, split again in the 7th century, one splinter group <BR> being the Maronites, which, because of persecution, migrated from other <BR> regions in Syria into the Mount Lebanon area, where the local population <BR> was converted to their beliefs. With contact with Constantinople interrupted, <BR> the Maronites began to appoint Patriarchs of their own, the first being St. John <BR> Maron (in 687, hence Maronites). The patriarchs resided at Kfarhay. During <BR> the crusades, Maronites sided with crusaders and suffered after their <BR> departure. The Maronite church maintained relations with the papacy; in 1440 <BR> the residence of the Patriarch was moved to Wadi Qannubine. see narrative <BR> from <A HREF = "http://www.bkerke.org.lb/">The Maronites</A> <BR> branch of the Syrian church which remained loyal to the Byzantine Emperor <BR> and the the first seven ecumenical councils. Name derived from Malka <BR> (Syriac for Emperor Marcian), used by their monophysite critics in order to <BR> denigrate them. Headed by the (Melkite) Patriarch in Antioch. In 1724 a schism <BR> occurred as the Melkite Catholic Church united with Rome, while the Melkite <BR> Orthodox Church did not. see narrative from <A HREF = "http://www.melkite.org.au/index.php?cat=History&cho=HisWW">Melkite Catholic Eparchy <BR> of Australia</A> <BR> in Greece synonymous with bishop; in Russia bishop of a provincial capital. <BR> In 1589 the Metropolit of Moscow assumed the title Patriarch of all the <BR> Russians. <BR> the concept that G-d had only one physis, emerging in Syria in the early 6th <BR> century. Monophysites rejected the concept of trinity and were branded <BR> heretics. Syria was a stronghold of Monophysites. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10489b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> Russian principality. During the Apanage period, vassal of the Khanate of the <BR> Golden Horde. Military victories over the Tatars in 1380 and 1480 brought <BR> independence. The Grand Dukes of Muscovy pursued a policy of 'collecting <BR> Russian earth', i.e. unifying Russia under their rule. Grand Duke Ivan IV. <BR> (since 1533; Ivan the Terrible) in 1547 had himself crowned Czar Ivan of all <BR> the Russians, ending the Grand Duchy. <BR> When Constantinople was conquered by the crusaders in 1204 and the <BR> Latin Empire was established, the Byzantinian governor (despot) of Nicaea <BR> Theodor Lascaris did not recognize the new government and ruled <BR> independently. In 1206 he had himself proclaimed Emperor; in 1246 the <BR> Despot of Epirus recognized the sovereignty of the Orthodox Emperor of <BR> Nicaea, in 1261 Constantinople was retaken by John IV. Lascaris and the <BR> Byzantine Empire restored. see artticle from <A HREF = "http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Empire-of-Nicaea">Nationmaster</A> <BR> in the hippodrome of Constantinople, four teams used to compete - the <BR> whites, blues, greens, and reds, each one of them representing a certain <BR> district of the city, and having an organized support structure. In 531, <BR> persons belonging to the organizations of the blues and greens had been <BR> convicted of murder. The death sentence had been commuted to prison <BR> terms, but the organizations demanded full pardon. When this was refused, <BR> in 532 the organizations broke into the prison and liberated the men; the riot <BR> escalated into town, the number of victims estimated at c.30,000. Named <BR> after the rioteering crowd's victory cry 'Nike'. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nike-riots">Nationmaster</A> <BR> also known as the Raskolniki, refused to accept the reforms introduced by <BR> Patriarch of Moscow Nikon in 1666. They split in two groups, Popovtsy and <BR> Bezpopovtsy. <BR> in the fourth century, the three, later five, most prominent and authoritative <BR> leaders of the church, seated at Rome, Antioch and Alexandria, to which <BR> Constantinople and Jerusalem were added. In the Orthodox church <BR> hierarchy, patriarchs have the highest authority, church organizations lead <BR> by them autokephalous status. <BR> see under Bogomils <BR> privileged Greek families residing in Constantinople. They virtually held the <BR> monopoly over the influential office of dragoman (literally, court interpreter) <BR> and gained appointment to a range of other offices (late 17th century to <BR> 1821). <BR> branch of the Old Believers (Raskolniki), which refused to accept the <BR> reforms introduced by Patriarch of Moscow Nikon in 1666. These broke up <BR> into Popovtsy (communities of Old Believers which maintained priests) <BR> and Bezpopovtsy (those who didn't). <BR> the Vlach population of modern Romania seems to have converted to <BR> Orthodox christianity in the late 9th century, and to have used Slavonic <BR> liturgy. In the 14th century metropolitanates were established, under the <BR> Patriarch of Constantinople. In the 17th century, Romanian came to <BR> replace Old Church Slavonic. In 1865 the churches in Moldavia and <BR> Wallachia proclaimed autokephalous state, recognized by Constantinople <BR> in 1885. In 1925 the Romanian patriarchate was established. see <BR> narrative from <A HREF = "http://www.rotravel.com/romania/history/app3.php">Rotravel</A> <BR> byname for Constantinople - Byzantium - Istanbul. Valid only between <BR> 330 and 1453, when the city claimed to be capital in succession of Rome. <BR> byname Ivan the Terrible chose for Moscow upon his coronation to Czar <BR> of all the Russias in 1547, cognizant of the fact that Constantinople, after <BR> having fallen to the Turks, no longer could hold on to the claim of being <BR> the Second Rome. <BR> Kievan Rus converted to Orthodox christianity in 988. The Russian church <BR> was presided by the Metropolitan of Kiev, who was under the Patriarch of <BR> Constantinople. In 1448 the Metropolitan of the Russian Church, residing <BR> in Moscow, proclaimed autokephalous status (Constantinople fell to the <BR> Ottoman Turks in 1453). In 1589, Metropolitan Job of Moscow assumed <BR> the title Patriarch of all the Russians. In 1652 Patriarch Nikon introduced a <BR> reformed rite, based on a new, more accurate translation of liturgical <BR> books from the Greek; this resulted in the breakaway of the Old Believers. <BR> In 1700, Peter the Great prevented the appointment of a successor to the <BR> deceased patriarch, and in 1721 he replaced the office with the Holy <BR> Synod. In 1917 the office of Patriarch was reintroduced. <BR> In 1054 an emissary of Pope Leo IX., during a mass in the Hagia Sophia in <BR> Constantinople, excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople - who reacted by <BR> excommunicating Pope Leo IX. (who, at that time, already was dead). This event <BR> marks the split of Catholic and Orthodox christianity. The term 'Great Schism' <BR> is also used for the situation between 1378 and 1417, when two lines of popes, <BR> one in Avignon, the other in Rome, competed for recognition. see article from <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13535a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> the conversion of Serbs to christianity happened gradually, from the 7th to <BR> 10th centuries. In the late 9th centuries, dioceses were set up. From 1219 on, <BR> Serbia had an archbishopric; in 1346 it was elevated to Patriarchate, the <BR> Serbian church thus achieving autokephalous status. With the Ottoman <BR> conquest (1459), the line of Serbian patriarchs in Pec ended, although the office <BR> had not formally been abolished. In 1557 the Serbian Patriarchate of Pec was <BR> reestablished; it was abolished in 1766. 5 of the last 8 patriarchs were Greeks; <BR> the abolition of the patriarchate meant the Serbian orthodox christians came <BR> under the fold of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople. Until 1830, <BR> Serbia proper was administrated by Phanariot bishops who attempted to <BR> introduce Greek as official language in church services. From 1830, core <BR> Serbia was autonomous, and the Serbian church, the Metropolitanate of <BR> Belgrade, administrated by Serbs. In 1920 a Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate <BR> was reestablished. see narrative from <A HREF = "http://www.serbianorthodoxchurch.net/historyofchurch/">Serbian Orthodox Church</A> <BR> see under Jacobite Church <BR> When crusaders conquered Constantinople and established the Latin Empire <BR> in 1204, the governor of the easternmost Byzantine province refused to <BR> recognize the new Emperor and had himself crowned Emperor instead. <BR> Following the Ottoman conquest of Sinope in 1214, the Empire of Trebizond <BR> became an Ottoman vassal state. The restoration of the Byzantine Empire in <BR> 1261 did not affect Trebizond. The Empire of Trebizond was annexed by the <BR> Ottoman Empire in 1461. <BR> refers to branches of Orthodox churches which, by treaty, agreed to <BR> become part of the Catholic Church. Such a Uniate Church was created for <BR> the Orthodox community of Poland-Lithuania in the Union of Brest in 1596, <BR> for the Orthodox community of Transylvania in 1701. The Uniate churches <BR> achieved concessions, among them the right to continue performing <BR> religious services following the eastern (Byzantine) rite. <BR> a synod of Orthodox bishops from Poland-Lithuania, assembled in 1594-<BR> 1596, in 1596 concluded the Union of Brest, a treaty with the papacy which <BR> created the (Polish-Lithuanian) Uniate Church, part of the Catholic Church, <BR> but continuing to celebrate mass according to the eastern rite, that Uniate <BR> monasteries were not to be Latinized and uniate clergy was not to be <BR> excommunicated by Rome. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15130a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</A> <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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