ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : the Pacific </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlpacific.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../biographies/wh/biopacific.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Biographies </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on June 22nd 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : the Pacific </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/wh/hdpacific.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "aborigines">Aborigines, Australian</A> <BR><BR><BR> Aotearoa <BR> <A NAME = "americansamoa">American Samoa</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "australia">Australia</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "bikini">Bikini Atoll</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "birdman cult">Birdman Cult</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "botanybay">Botany Bay</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "carolineislands">Caroline Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cookislands">Cook Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "easterisland">Easter Island</A> <BR> <A NAME = "fiji">Fiji</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "frenchpolynesia">French Polynesia</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "gilbertellice">Gilbert & Ellice Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "guam">Guam</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "guanoislandsact">Guano Islands Act</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "harpagus">Harpagus</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hawaii">Hawaii</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "irianjaya">Irian Jaya</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "islandhopping">Island Hopping</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "iwojima">Iwo Jima</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "johnstonatoll">Johnston Atoll</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "kiribati">Kiribati</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "landwars">Land Wars</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "lapitapottery">Lapita Pottery</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "maori">Maori</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "marianaislands">Mariana Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "marshallislands">Marshall Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "melanesia">Melanesia</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "micronesia">Micronesia</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "fstmicronesia">Micronesia, <BR> Federated States of </A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "moa">Moa</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "moai">Moai</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "moruroa">Moruroa</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "nauru">Nauru</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "newcaledonia">New Caledonia</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "newguinea">New Guinea</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "newhebrides">New Hebrides</A> <BR> <A NAME = "newzealand">New Zealand</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "niue">Niue</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "nmi">Northern Mariana <BR> Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "palauislands">Palau Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "papuaniugini">Papua Niugini</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "pitcairn">Pitcairn</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "polynesia">Polynesia</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "polynesiannavigation">Polynesian Navigation</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "rainbowwarrior">Rainbow Warrior</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "rapanui">Rapa Nui</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "rongorongoscript">Rongorongo Script</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "saipan">Saipan</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "samoa">Samoa</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "solomonislands">Solomon Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "tahiti">Tahiti</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "tarawa">Tarawa</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "tokelauislands">Tokelau Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "tonga">Tonga</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "tuvalu">Tuvalu</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "USTT">U.S. Trust Territory</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "vanuatu">Vanuatu</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "treatyofwaitangi">Waitangi, Treaty of</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "wallisetfutuna">Wallis & Futuna</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "westernsamoa">Western Samoa</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "yellowperil">Yellow Peril</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> original inhabitants of Australia, believed to have arrived in the country c. 50,000 B.C.; <BR> Melanesians, hunter-gatherers at the time of the arrival of European settlers. Long <BR> discriminated against by white Australian society. <BR> Maori name of New Zealand; see under New Zealand <BR> eastern half of the Samoa islands, acquired by the U.S. in an 1899 treaty with <BR> Germany (which took the west), with tacit approval of Britain. American Samoa is <BR> much smaller than Western Samoa; the American interest was strategic, as <BR> Pago-Pago on Tutuila is one of only a few excellent harbours in the region. During <BR> WW II important naval base from which the Island Hopping campaign was launched. <BR> Presently U.S. territory, self-government since 1967. Population 65,000, to which <BR> several 10,000 Samoans living in the continental U.S. and on Hawaii have to be <BR> added. see American Samoa page <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xamsamoa.html">at this site</A> <BR> settled by Aborigines c. 50,000 B.C., European discovery credited to Spaniard <BR> Torres and Dutchman Janszoon (although it may have been seen by Portuguese <BR> Cristovao Mendon&ccedil;a in 1522). Long believed to be attached to the south pole <BR> it was first circumnavigated by Dutchman Abel Tasman in 1642. To the Dutch V.O.C., <BR> which controlled the Indonesian archipelago, it was of no value; Briton James Cook, <BR> who claimed Australia for Britain in 1770, suggested colonization; a penal colony <BR> was established at Botany Bay in 1788, on Tasmania in 1803, in W. Australia in <BR> 1829 etc. Voluntary immigration began with the Ballarat Gold Rush. Australia <BR> politically consisted of six separate colonies (New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, <BR> Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia) which acquired self-government <BR> between 1855-1890. The Commonwealth of Australia was established in 1901. The <BR> capital was established at Canberra. Queen Elizabeth is head of state. <BR> located in the Marshall Islands, German 1884-1918, Japanese 1918-1945, U.S. <BR> Trusteeship Territory 1945-1990. Between 1946 and 1958, the atoll was used by <BR> U.S. authorities for nuclear tests. A new type of ladies' swimwear appearing in <BR> 1946 was named after the atoll. The atoll, which had been evacuated prior to the <BR> tests, had been resettled in 1969, again evacuated in 1979, due to too high residual <BR> radiation. see account posted by <A HREF = "http://www.rmiembassyus.org/nuclear/chronology.html">Republic of Mashall Islands</A> <BR> cult on Rapa Nui (Easter Island); the island was ruled by an annually appointed <BR> Bird Man, appointed by the winner of a race, competitors had to swim to a neigh- <BR> bouring island and bring back a birds' egg. <BR> site where the first European settlement in Australia, a penal colony, was esta- <BR> blished in 1788 (modern Sydney). <BR> settled c.1000 B.C., European discovery by Portuguese, Spanish in the 16th c., <BR> claimed by the Spanish (who did not establish permanent structures); named <BR> after Emperor Charles V. (Carolus); ceded by Spain to Germany in 1899 (Karolinen); <BR> occupied by the Japanese in 1914, granted as a mandate to Japan by League of <BR> Nations to Japan in 1920, to the U.S. by the U.N. in 1945; part of the Federated <BR> States of Micronesia since 1979. Main island Ponape / Pohnpei. <BR> settled by Polynesians around 800 A.D., European discovery by Spaniard Alvaro <BR> de Mendana in 1595; visited by James Cook 1773, 1779, after whom the group is <BR> named. First missionary arrived in 1821; in 1888 Britain declared protectorate. <BR> placed under administration of New Zealand in 1901. Self-govt. introduced in 1965. <BR> see Cook Islands Pages <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xcookis.html">at this site</A> <BR> see under Rapa Nui <BR> settled by (mainly) Melanesians and Polynesians c.1500 B.C., European discovery <BR> by Abel Tasman in 1643; first missionary arrived in 1830; in 1871 unification of Fiji <BR> under one chieftain; ceded island group to U.K. in 1874. Plantation owners brought <BR> in workers from India. Responsible Govt, introduced in 1964, independence granted <BR> in 1970. Coups d'etat 1987, 2000; population 50,7 % Melanesian Fijians, 43.5 % <BR> Fijians of Indian descent. see Fiji page <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xfiji.html">at this site</A> <BR> arrival of Polynesian settlers c.300-800 A.D., European discovery by Ferdinand <BR> Magellan in 1521; main island Tahiti discovered by Briton Samuel Wallis in 1767. <BR> Missionaries arrived in 1774, 1797. In 1842 the French declared a protectorate over <BR> Tahiti; in 1880 they annexed the island, by 1889 the entire island group. In 1946 <BR> French Polynesia was declared an Overseas Territory. Since 1962, the Mururoa <BR> Atoll is the site for French nuclear tests. see French Polynesia page <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xfrpolynesia.html">at this site</A> <BR> The Gilbert Islands today are referred to as Kiribati, the Ellice Islands as Tuvalu. <BR> Between 1916 and 1978 they were treated as one colony, under that name, by the <BR> British Colonial Administration. see Gilbert & Ellice Islands page <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xkiribati.html">at this site</A> <BR> one of the major islands of the Solomon Islands; in 1898 allocated to Britain. During <BR> WW II occupied by the Japanese in 1942; the Japanese were ousted by U.S. forces <BR> in the first operation of the Island Hopping campaign Nov. 1942. The site of a U.S. <BR> base; workers were brought in from Malaita, a neighbouring island. The Solomon <BR> Islands became independent in 1978. With the closure of the U.S. base at Honiara, <BR> tension between the natives of Guadalcanal and the Malaitan immigrants has <BR> reached the level of a civil war. <BR> largest of the Mariana Islands; inhabited by the Chamorro-speaking Guamanians <BR> when discivered by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521; claimed by Spain, ceded in 1898 <BR> to U.S., during WW II occupied by Japanese in 1941, retaken by U.S. in 1944, <BR> has U.S. base, still U.S. territory. Chamorro population 47 %. <BR> passed by U.S. Congress in 1856 to permit U.S. citizens to take possession of unoccu- <BR> pied islands containing guano deposits. Islands claimed under this act include Baker, <BR> Jarvis, Howland Island, Midway, Johnston Atoll. While most of these islands are located <BR> in the Pacific, some are in the Caribbean. <BR> birds of prey indigenous to New Zealand; very large, their main prey believed to <BR> have been the equally large Moa, a flightless bird. Extinct, a fate that befell them <BR> after the Maori settled New Zealand. <BR> settled by Polynesians c. 500 A.D., discovered in 1778 by Briton James Cook. In <BR> 1795 King Kamehameha unified the islands under his rule. In the 19th century, <BR> immigrants from the U.S. established plantations; plantation owners in 1898 staged <BR> a coup which overthrew the last Queen, Liliu'okalani. Hawaii was annexed as a U.S. <BR> territory. Became a U.S. state in 1959. <BR> Bahasa Indonesia name for Western New Guinea. From the late 19th century to <BR> 1949 part of the Dutch East Indies; from 1949 to 1963 Netherlands' New Guinea, <BR> in 1963 annexed by Indonesia. The polulation of New Guinea is Melanesian (or <BR> Austronesian); a separatist movement calls for the establishment of an independent <BR> West Papua. <BR> strategy applied by the U.S. in the Pacific war theatre in WW II. Assuming U.S./ <BR> Allied control of the sky as well as of the sea, they focussed on conquering islands <BR> of strategic importance, while bypassing other islands to which the Japanese held <BR> on until the Japanese surrender. Among the conquered islands were Guadalcanal, <BR> Tarawa, Saipan, Iwo Jima. The strategy is associated with U.S. Admiral Chester <BR> Nimitz. <BR> uninhabited island, belonging to the Volcano Islands, a sub-group of belonging to <BR> the Bonin-Islands or Osagawara Islands, annexed by Japan in 1876/1880. During <BR> WW II (1945) a battle was fought over possession of Iwo Jima (Mt. Suribachi), <BR> because from an airfield on Iwo Jima, bombers could reach the Japanese main <BR> islands. <BR> was uninhabited when annexed by the U.S. following the Guano Islands Act of 1855; <BR> has a U.S. base; dumping site for U.S. nuclear waste, sorted-out nuclear bombs. <BR> in colonial times referred to as the Gilbert Islands; state to both sides of the inter- <BR> national date line. Settled in the 1st century A.D., European discovery in the 18th <BR> century, possibly earlier; arrival of missionaries in 1857, British protectorate <BR> declared in 1892; in 1916 merged with Ellice Islands (Tuvalu) to form Gilbert & <BR> Ellice Islands Protectorate; 1978 independence and partition into Kiribati, Tuvalu. <BR> see Kiribati page <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xkiribati.html">at this site</A> <BR> guerilla war on New Zealand, by the Maoris against British rule; begun over a diffe- <BR> rent interpretation of the Treaty of Waitangi, fought 1844-1870. Not decided by a <BR> military victory, ended because fighting ebbed down. Also referred to as the Maori <BR> Wars. see <A HREF = "http://history-nz.org/wars1.html">The New Zealand Wars</A> <BR> pottery found in the South Pacific, dating as far back as 1000 B.C. see article <BR> from <A HREF = "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lapi/hd_lapi.htm">Metropolitan Museum of Art</A> <BR> descendants of Polynesians who, coming from Tahiti, migrated to New Zealand <BR> between 800 and 1300 A.D.; the first humans to settle on New Zealand (which the <BR> Maori call Aiteroa). Organized in small tribes which fought each other in order to <BR> procure meat (they practiced cannibalism). Maori also refers to their language. <BR> consisting of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands; European discovery by <BR> Magellan in 1521; claimed by Spain in the 16th century, who only established a <BR> post on Guam. In 1898 Spain ceded Guam to the U.S., in 1899 Spain sold her <BR> claim to the Northern Marianas to Germany (Marianen). for further history see <BR> Northern Mariana Islands. <BR> settled by Micronesians in the 2nd millennium B.C.; named after Englishman <BR> John Marshall who visited the islands in 1788. German 1884-1918, Japanese <BR> 1918-1945, U.S. Trusteeship Territory 1945-1990. Between 1946 and 1958, the <BR> Bikini Atoll was used by U.S. authorities for nuclear tests. <BR> Greek term for 'black islands', coined by J. Dumont-d'Urville 1832 to distinguish <BR> the inhabitants from the Micronesians and Polynesians. Among the Melanesians <BR> feature Australia's Aborigines and New Guinea's Papuas, among others. <BR> Greek for 'small islands', term created in 1832 by J. Dumont d'Urville to distin- <BR> guish the inhabitants from the Melanesians and Polynesians. the Micronesians <BR> were navigators, as such more accomplished than the Melanesians, less ac- <BR> complished than the Polynesians. <BR> settled c.2000 B.C., European discovery in the 16th century; claimed by Spain <BR> (named Carolines, after Charles V.), a term which included the Palau Islands; <BR> 1884 the Germans established themselves on the Carolines, contesting the <BR> Spanish claim; in 1899 the Spanish sold their claim to the Germans (Karolinen) <BR> In 1914 occupied by Japan, in 1920 Japan granted mandate over the islands; in <BR> 1945 U.S. occupation, in 1947 establishment of U.S. Trust Territory (-1990); in <BR> 1979 Federated States of Micronesia established, 1986 independent. <BR> large flightless bird indigenous to New Zealand, huge (up to 3 m high), extinct. <BR> Believed to have been hunted to extinction by the Maoris. <BR> large monolithic stone heads found on Rapa Nui (Easter Island), erected several <BR> hundred years ago. No similar statues are found elsewhere in the South Pacific; <BR> Rapa Nui has over 600. <BR> often misspelled Mururoa, part of the Tuamotu Archipelago, which again is part of <BR> French Polynesia. Site of French nuclear tests conducted here 1966-1996. <BR> settled by Melanesians and Polynesians; first European on record to visit Briton John <BR> Fearn in 1798; annexed by Germany in 1888, allocated to the Caroline Islands. <BR> Phosphate mining begun in 1906. Occupied by Australian forces in 1914; placed <BR> under joint Australian/NZ/British mandate in 1920. Occupied by the Japanese 1942- <BR> 1945; Australian Trust Territory in 1947, independent since 1968. Also spelled <BR> Naoero. Population 12,000. <BR> Melanesian population; Lapita pottery found dating back to c.1000 B.C., first Eur. <BR> visitor James Cook 1774, population cannibalistic; first missionaries arriving 1830, <BR> 1840, were killed. In retailiation, France in 1853 sent troops, annexed the islands. <BR> 1864-1897 penal colony; plantations, nickel mining; Canaque population rebellious <BR> until 1917. French immigration. 1946 status changed to Overseas Territory. Inde- <BR> pendence movement; political autonomy, continued French rule. see New Cale- <BR> donia page <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xncaledonia.html">at this site</A> <BR> the world's second largest island, Melanesian (Papua) population, Colonization <BR> begun by the Dutch, in the west, in 1828, by the Germans in the northeast in 1884, <BR> with the government of Queensland annexing the southeast in 1883; a French <BR> attempt to establish a colony on New Ireland in 1883 failed. Germany, Queensland <BR> (the British Empire) and the Netherlands agreed to partition the island. For the <BR> Dutch western half, see under Irian Jaya; for the east see Papua Niugini. <BR> during colonial times, name for Vanuatu. see there <BR> in Maori called Aotearoa, long uninhabited and with a peculiar fauna/flora, settled <BR> by the Polynesian Maori 500-1300 A.D., first European visitor on record Abel <BR> Tasman in 1642 who named islands Nieuw Zeeland, after Dutch province Zeeland. <BR> Wild colonization in the early 19th century; in 1840 Treaty of Waitangi signed <BR> between British govt., Maori, New Zealand British protectorate (forestalling a <BR> French one); Land Wars 1844-1870; 1907 NZ gaimed dominion status (home <BR> rule); was one of the first countries in the world to grant women right to vote. <BR> 1931 full independence (within British Commonwealth; Queen Elizabeth head <BR> of state). <BR> settled in the 10th century A.D.; named savage island by James Cook in 1774, <BR> because he was refused landing; English missionary arrived in 1846, declared. <BR> British protectorate in 1900, annexed by New Zealand in 1901. Self-govt. intro- <BR> duced 1966/1974, population on the island c.2000, while c.14,000 Niueans live <BR> abroad (mostly in N.Z.) see Niue pages <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xniue.html">at this site</A> <BR> for the earlier history see under Mariana Islands. In 1899 the Northern Mariana <BR> islands were sold, by Spain, to Germany. Main islands Tinian, Saipan. Occupied <BR> by Japan in 1914; Saipan was the site of a major battle during the Island Hopping <BR> campaign in 1944. In 1947 allocated to the United States Trust Territory; <BR> Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands established in 1972, received status <BR> of a territory within the U.S. in 1975. Politically autonomous. Population 80,000. <BR> also spelled Belau Islands, settled c.1000 B.C., first European visitor Spaniard <BR> Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in 1543, claimed by Spain and Germany in the late 19th <BR> century; Spain in 1899 sold her claim to Germany, which administrated islands as <BR> part of the Caroline Islands. Occupied by the Japanese in 1914, since 1947 part <BR> of U.S. Trust Territory; the inhabitants in 1979 opted not to join the Federated <BR> States of Micronesia (the rest of the Caroline Islands); independent since 1994. <BR> old spelling Papua New Guinea; eastern half of New Guinea. Queensland annexed <BR> southeast in 1883, referred to as the Territory of New Guinea. Germany claimed <BR> the Northeast (Bismarck Archipelago, Kaiser Wilhelms-Land) in 1884. German part <BR> occupied by Australian forces in 1914; Territories combined, referred to as Papua- <BR> New Guinea. North occupied by the Japanese in 1942, retaken by Australians in <BR> 1944, independent since 1975. Population 4.9 million. <BR> uninhabited when discovered by Philip Carteret in 1767; settled by the mutineers <BR> of the Bounty in 1790; isolated community discovered in 1808; declared a British<BR> colony in 1838. In an attempt to address the problem of overpopulation the com- <BR> munity resettled to Norfolk Island in 1856; in 1859 5 families returned. Present <BR> population 48; have their own postage stamps. see Pitcairn page <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xpitcairn.html">at this site</A> <BR> Greek for many islands; the Polynesians were excellent navigators and, from a <BR> center at Samoa - Tonga, settled outlying areas such as French Polynesia, <BR> New Zealand, Hawaii. <BR> Polynesians sailed in canoes (catamarans), using the stars, their knowledge of <BR> fauna, of the sea (colour of the water, streams, the waves); were capable to find <BR> goals over a distance of thousands of km. <BR> In 1985, Greenpeace sent her vessel, the Rainbow Warrior, to the South Pacific <BR> in order to attempt to delay or even prevent the launch of French nuclear tests on <BR> the Moruroa Atoll in French Polynesia. The ship, while at anchor in Auckland, <BR> New Zealand, was bombed by French secret agents. <BR> also called Easter Island; settled by Polynesians in c.400 A.D., first European <BR> visitor Dutchman Jakob Roggeveen in 1722; island site of unique Moai stone <BR> sculptures (erected c.1000-1600), produced Rongorongo script (still undecoded). <BR> Was treeless when found by Roggeveen. 1862-1887 'visited' by Peruvian slave <BR> raiders; in 1888 annexed by Chile (Isla de Pascua). Indigenous population <BR> restricted to reservation; remainder used for sheep farming, which was given up <BR> in the 1980es; present population c.2,700. see Rapa Nui page <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xrapanui.html">at this site</A> <BR> documents exclusively found on Rapa Nui (Easter Island); undecoded. It has <BR> been suggested R. to be related with the (also undecoded) Indus Valley Civiliza- <BR> tion Script. <BR> one of the larger islands of the Northern Mariana Islands. In WW II (1944) site <BR> of a battle in the Island Hopping Campaign. <BR> the islands were inhabited in c.1,000 B.C. (Polynesians); first European visitor <BR> Dutchman Jakob Roggeveen 1722; missionaries arrived in 1830. In 1889 Britain, <BR> the U.S., Germany agreed to recognize Samoan independence; in 1899/1900 <BR> Germany, U.S. agreed on partitioning the islands, Germany taking larger <BR> Western Samoa, the U.S. eastern American Samoa, much smaller but with an <BR> excellent natural harbour. For further history, see under Western, American <BR> Samoa. In old sources sometimes called Navigators Islands. see Samoa page <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xwsamoa.html">at this site</A> <BR> inhabited since c.2,000 B.C., population Melanesian. First European visitor <BR> Spaniard Alvaro de Mendena de Neira 1568, missionaries arrived in the 1850es. <BR> Britain in 1893 established a protectorate over the southern islands; in 1898 <BR> Britain and Germany agreed over splitting the island group. In 1900 Germany <BR> ceded her claim over the islands of Isabel and Choiseul in return for British <BR> recognition of German-U.S. arrangement regarding the partition of Samoa. <BR> Germany held on to Buka and Bougainville (still part of Papua Niugini; secessionist <BR> movement in 1980es-1990es.) Solomon Islands occupied by Japanese 1942, site <BR> of Battle over Guadalcanal the same year. Self-govt. in 1976, independence in <BR> 1978. see Solomon Islands page <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xsolomon.html">at this site</A> <BR> largest island of French Polynesia; settled by Polunesians between 300 and 800 <BR> A.D.; first European visitors in the 1760es described islands as inhabited by <BR> noble savages, friendly to visitors, a utopia of free love. Declared a French <BR> protectorate in 1842; painter Paul Gauguin lived here. Attracts numerous tourists. <BR> Capital Papeete. <BR> largest island of Kiribati (the former Gilbert Islands); during WW II occupied by <BR> the Japanese in 1942, taken by U.S. forces in 1943 (Island Hopping Campaign) <BR> small group of islands located north of Samoa; inhabited by Polynesians; Eur. <BR> discovery in the 18th century; 1889 British protectorate, 1916 annexed to <BR> Gilbert & Ellice Islands, 1925 transfered as a mandate to New Zealand, admini-<BR> strated from Western Samoa 1926-1948, then declared part of New Zealand; <BR> 1997 self-govt.; population 1,500, plus 2,800 Tokelauans living abroad. Until <BR> 1996 referred to as Union Islands. see Tokelau page <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xtokelau.html">at this site</A> <BR> old Pacific island nation kingdom, reaching back into the 13th century. First <BR> European visitor Dutchman Jakob LeMaire 1616; first missionary arrived in 1797; <BR> in 1839 Tongan Law codified (Code of Vava'u; in 1900 declared a British protec- <BR> torate. Independent since 1970; still a monarchy (dynasty continued during <BR> British rule). see Tonga page <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xtonga.html">at this site</A> <BR> Population Polynesian. First European visitor Alvaro de Mendana da Neira in <BR> 1568. Named Ellice Islands by Arent de Peyster in 1819; first Europeans settled <BR> here in the 1820es; missionaries arrived in 1865. British protectorate proclaimed <BR> in 1892; merged with Gilbert Islands in 1916 to form Gilbert and Ellice Islands <BR> Colony. 1976 Gilbert & Ellice Islands were split up. 1978 the Ellice Islands, under <BR> the name of Tuvalu, declared independence. see Tuvalu page <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xtonga.html">at this site</A> <BR> several island groups, ruled by Germany 1899-1914, by Japan 1914/1920-1945, <BR> occupied by U.S. forces in WW II, entrusted to the U.S. in 1946/1947. Dissolved <BR> in 1986-1990. Included the Northern Mariana Islands, the Carolines (presently the <BR> Federated States of Micronisia and the Palau Islands) and the Marshall Islands. <BR> inhabited by Melanesians c.1300 B.C., first European visitor Pedro Ferdinand de <BR> Quiros in 1605. Named "New Hebrides" by James Cook in 1774. Inhabitants then <BR> cannibalistic. Missionaries arrived in the 1840es. European settlers followed. In <BR> 1906 an Anglo-French protectorate (Condominium) was established. Independent <BR> since 1980, under the name of Vanuatu. Strong population growth (c. 180,000 at <BR> present). <BR> concluded between a representative of the British govt. and several Maori chiefs in <BR> 1840; the foundation for Britain establishing a protectorate over New Zealand. Diffe- <BR> rent interpretations of the Treaty in 1844 lead to the Land Wars. <BR> population Polynesian; first European visitors Schouten, LeMaire 1616; French <BR> missionaries arrived in 1837. French protectirate over Wallis proclaimed in 1887, <BR> pver Futuna in 1888. 1959 granted status of Overseas Territory. Population c. <BR> 15,000, and another 17,000 living on New Caledonia. see Wallis et Futuna page <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xwf.html">at this site</A> <BR> Samoa was partitioned in 1899, with the larger western half being allocated to <BR> Germany. Occupied by New Zealand in 1914; Mau a Pule resistance begun in 1908 <BR> against German rule continued under the New Zealanders. Independence declared <BR> in 1962; in 1977 renamed Samoa i Sisifo. see Western Samoa page <A HREF = "../../region/pacific/xwsamoa.html">at this site</A> <BR> in the late 19th century, Australia's white working class faced unexpected competi- <BR> tion - immigrant Chinese coolies. A propaganda campaign was launched, creating <BR> the prospect of an Australia loosing her English identity (Yellow Peril); the <BR> campaign resulted in restrictions for Asian immigration. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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