ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : South America</title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tlsamerica.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../banhistdic.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../biographies/wh/biosamerica.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Biographies </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 29th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : South America </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histdic/wh/hdsamerica.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "altoperu">Alto Peru</A> <BR> <A NAME = "argentina">Argentina</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "asientotrade">Asiento Trade</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "aymara">Aymara</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "blancos">Blancos</A> <BR> <A NAME = "bolivia">Bolivia</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "brazil">Brazil</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "capehorn">Cape Horn</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "chacowar">Chaco War</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "chibchaciv">Chibcha Civilization</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "chimuciv">Chimu Civilization</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "chile">Chile</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "colombia">Colombia</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "colorados">Colorados</A> <BR> <A NAME = "criollos">Criollos</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "cuzco">Cuzco</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "dirtywar">Dirty War</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "ecuador">Ecuador</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "eldorado">El Dorado</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "falklandislands">Falkland Islands</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "falklandwar">Falkland War</A> <BR> <A NAME = "newgranada">Santa Fe de Bogota, <BR> Viceroyalty of</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "grandcolombia">Grand Colombia</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "guanowar">Guano War</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "guarani">Guarani</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "guyana">Guyana</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "incaempire">Inca Empire</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> Islas Malvinas <BR><BR> <A NAME = "uplaplata">La Plata, <BR> United Provinces of</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "viceroyaltyoflaplata">La Plata, <BR> Viceroyalty of</A> <BR> <A NAME = "liberationtheology">Liberation Theology</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "llama">Llama</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "machupicchu">Machu Picchu</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "manaus">Manaus</A> <BR> <A NAME = "mapuche">Mapuche</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mercosur">Mercosur</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "mestizo">Mestizo</A> <BR> <A NAME = "missions">Missions <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mochicaciv">Mochica Civilization</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "mothersoftheplazadelmayo">Mothers of the <BR> Plaza del Mayo</A> <BR><BR><BR> Muisca Civilization <BR> <A NAME = "nazcaciv">Nazca Civilization</A> <BR><BR> New Granada <BR> <A NAME = "pacificwar">Pacific War</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "panama">Panama</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "paraguay">Paraguay</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "peninsulares">Peninsulares</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "peronism">Peronism</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "peru">Peru</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "viceroyaltyofperu">Peru, <BR>Viceroyalty of</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "potosi">Potosi</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "quechua">Quechua</A> <BR><BR> Reductions <BR> <A NAME = "shiningpath">Shining Path</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "suriname">Suriname</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "treatyoftordesillas">Tordesillas, Treaty of</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "warofthetriplealliance">Triple Alliance, <BR>War of the</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "tupacamaru">Tupac Amaru</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "tupamaros">Tupamaros</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "uruguay">Uruguay</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "venezuela">Venezuela</A> <BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> translates to High Peru; old name for Bolivia, during the time of Spanish rule. <BR> literally land of the silver; as a state, Argentina emerged in 1853-1859; the La Plata <BR> region had achieved independence in 1816, but had gone through turbulent decades <BR> of war in which the political constitution - federal or centralist - was fought over. <BR> Argentina became a major producer and exporter of grain and meat, attracted large <BR> numbers of immigrants (many from Italy). In the early 20th century a wealthy country, <BR> home of Tango. 1946-1955 ruled by populist president Juan Peron. Economic decline, <BR> inflation, military dictatorship and Dirty War 1975-1983. Further economic problems <BR> under democratic administrations. see <A HREF = "../../region/samerica/xargentina.html">Argentina pages</A> at this site <BR> the Treaty of Tordesillas assigned Africa to the Portuguese. When a plantation <BR> economy emerged in the Americas, based on slave labour, Spain had to turn to <BR> others for supplying their colonies with African slaves; this trade is referred to as the <BR> Asiento trade. Until 1702 it was taken care of by Genoese merchants, from 1703 to <BR> 1712 by a French company, from 1713 onward by the British. With the Treaty of San <BR> Ildefonso 1777, Spain acquired territory in Africa (Fernando Poo) in order to supply <BR> herself with slaves. <BR> language and people in Peru-Bolivia. Aymara was one of the major languages of the <BR> Inca Empire; still spoken in parts of Peru and Bolivia. <BR> name for the conservative party in many Latin American countries. <BR> in Spanish times, Bolivia was administrated from Lima (Peru), of vital importance <BR> because of her Silver production, but remote in all other aspects. Liberated from <BR> Spanish rule by Simon Bolivar in 1825; the country was named after El Libertador. <BR> An attempt to reunite Bolivia with Peru in 1836-1839 was foiled by the Chileans. <BR> In the Pacific War 1879-1884 Bolivia lost her mineral-rich coastal provinces to <BR> Chile. One of America's poorest countries, landlocked, many coups d'etat. <BR> see <A HREF = "../../region/samerica/xbolivia.html">Bolivia pages</A> at this site <BR> allocated to Portugal by the Treaty of Tordesillas; discovered by accident by Cabral <BR> in 1500; Portuguese settlement began in 1532. NE Brazil ruled by the Dutch 1630- <BR> 1654. Independent Empire 1822-1889; Republic since 1889. largest nation of <BR> South America. see <A HREF = "../../region/samerica/xbrazil.html">Brazil pages</A> at this site <BR> southern tip of Tierra del Fuego; one of the two routes to sail from the south <BR> Atlantic to the south Pacific, the other being the Magellan Straits, first passed by <BR> Ferdinand Magellan in 1519. Only in 1740 did Spain permit ships to take this <BR> route (until then, the route via Panama was prescribed). Sailing around the Horn <BR> or through the Magellan Straits was very dangerous, due to the inhospitable <BR> weather conditions. <BR> war over the Gran Chaco, between Bolivia and Paraguay. In 1928 Bolivia began <BR> hostilities, because it strove for gaining a port on the Paraguay River which would <BR> provide the landlocked nation with access to the Atlantic Ocean. Hostilities <BR> escalated in a full-scale war in 1932. The Bolivian forces were defeated, despite <BR> being better armed; in 1935 Bolivia had to cede her part of the Gran Chaco to <BR> Paraguay. <BR> a civilization which inhabited Colombia (St. Magdalena valley) and Panama in <BR> the time of the Spanish conquest. The Chibcha were also called Muisca. Dialects <BR> of the Chibcha language are still spoken. The Ch. languages may have originated <BR> from Costa Rica-Panama. <BR> in NW Peru, from 11th to 15th c., the Chimu Empire pursued a policy of military <BR> conquest and ultimately was herself conquered by the Inca Empire 1475-1476. <BR> The Chimu had an intricate irrigation system. <BR> struggle for independence began in 1810, independence was proclaimed in 1818. <BR> Originally, Chile extended over the middle stretch of its present territory; in 1843 <BR> Punta Arenas was founded, extending her claim southward (the hitherto <BR> independent Mapuche Indios were subjected in the 1860es). In the Pacific War <BR> 1879-1884, the northern provinces were conquered from Bolivia and Peru. Chile <BR> became a major exporter of salpetre and copper. see <A HREF = "../../region/samerica/xchile.html">Chile pages</A> <BR> at this site <BR> in 1717 the Viceroyalty of Santa Fe de Bogota (New Granada) was established, <BR> carved out of the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1810 Simon Bolivar began the quest for <BR> independence; in 1819 the Republic of Grand Colombia (incl. Ecuador, Panama, <BR> Venezuela) was proclaimed. Ecuador and Venezuela seceded in 1830, Panama <BR> in 1903. Colombia repeatedly went through civil war situations. <BR> see <A HREF = "../../region/samerica/xcolombia.html">Colombia pages</A> at this site <BR> name for the liberal party in many Latin American countries. <BR> or creoles, the class of owners of landed estates in Spanish America which took <BR> pride in her pure Spanish descent; was envious of the peninsulares - of Iberians <BR> who were prefered over them when high administrative positions were to be filled. <BR> the Criollos spoke proper Spanish (Castilian) and are not to be confused with <BR> the speakers of creole. <BR> capital of the Inca Empire, conquered by Francisco Pizarro in 1532/1533. While <BR> most other Inca cities were razed before a Spanish city was built on their ruins, <BR> in Cuzco part of the Inca architecture has been preserved. <BR> expression used for wars military juntas in Latin America undertook against <BR> leftist guerillas. If military action took place, the state was victorious within a <BR> matter of weeks. The state of war was not lifted, however, and propagandistically <BR> exploited, for years to come. Civil rights were disregarded, suspected leftists <BR> were arrested and 'disappeared'. Applies to the situation in Argentina 1975-1983, <BR> in Uruguay 1973-1985, in Chile 1973-1989. The military juntas enjoyed the <BR> support of the USA, who perceived them allies in the ideological struggle with <BR> communism. <BR> seceded from Grand Colombia in 1830; independent ever since. In 1853 Peru <BR> annexed territory on the upper Amazon, contested by Ecuador; the matter had <BR> repeatedly provided the cause for conflict. see <A HREF = "../../region/samerica/xecuador.html">Ecuador pages</A> at <BR> this site <BR> legend of a land rich in gold, located in the south. The Spanish probably got the <BR> legend from the Chibcha in modern Colombia. It added to the story of Cipangu <BR> from Marco Polo's travelogue. <BR> settled by the French in 1764, the English in 1767 - both of whom did not know of <BR> the other. The French sold their claim to the Spanish, who in 1770 and 1774 <BR> expelled the British. In 1833 the British deported the Spanish settlers, annexed <BR> and settled the islands. Spanish name Islas Malvinas. In 1982 Argentina occupied <BR> the islands; the British retook the islands in the Falkland War. 5000 inhabitants. <BR> In 1982 Argentina occupied the islands; the British retook the islands. <BR> also referred to as the Viceroyalty of New Granada, established in 1717 by <BR> separation from Viceroyalty of Peru, in 1819 converted into the Republic of Grand <BR> Colombia. Included modern Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama. <BR> The Republic of Grand Colombia was proclaimed in 1819. Ecuador and Venezuela <BR> seceded in 1830. In 1863 the country was renamed United States of Colombia. <BR> with the emergence of steamships, a new range of products could profitably be <BR> transported around the world, among the most profitable Guano (bird excrements <BR> rich in phosphates), an excellent natural fertilizer. Spain (which had not yet <BR> recognized the independence of the Latin American republics) claimed uninhabited <BR> islands off the Peruvian coast; this situation lead to the Giano War of 1865-1866, <BR> in which Spain also fought Chile. Peru and Chile prevailed. see <A HREF = "../../military/19cen/guanowar.html">article</A> <BR> from this site <BR> name of a people and language (correctly : Tupi-Guarani) indigenous to Paraguay. <BR> G. was the language of the Jesuit missions in Paraguay, dissolved in 1757. Today, <BR> G., next to Spanish, is the official language of Paraguay. <BR> the Dutch established themselves in Guyana in 1616, acquired neighbouring <BR> Suriname in 1667, ceded Guyana to the British in 1803. Guyana was granted <BR> independence in 1970. see <A HREF = "../../region/samerica/xguyana.html">Guyana pages</A> at this site <BR> came into being c.1200; named after the rulers, the title of which was Inca. There <BR> was a succession of 13 Incas until the Spanish cnquest. The Inca Empire <BR> expanded by military conquest, and at the end stretched from Equador in the <BR> north to central Chile in the south. Main languages Quechua and Aymara. <BR> Spanish name of the Falkland Islands; derived from the place of origin of the first <BR> settlers, Frenchmen from St. Malo (Bretagne); see under Falkland Islands <BR> former Viceroyalty of La Plata; declared independence from Spain in 1816. Soon got <BR> engulfed in civil war between blancos and colorados, in the course of which a <BR> number of provinces temporarily declared independence. Reunified under the <BR> name Argentina in 1853-1859. see under Argentina <BR> established in 1776 by separation from the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1816 declared <BR> independence from Spain as the United Provinces of La Plata. <BR> a controversial theology, calling for social reform in Latin America, created by Gustavo <BR> Gutierrez in 1972. <BR> largest domesticated animal the Inca had prior to the arrival of the Spanish. <BR> Beast of burden as well as provider of wool. Two major subspecies, Alpaca and <BR> Vicuna. <BR> Inca city, located on a hilltop in the jungle, built c.1440, not discovered by the Spanish, <BR> later evacuated for an unknown reason, found in 1911. The best preserved Inca city. <BR> most important city of Amazonia (Brazil), became wealthy during the rubber boom in <BR> the laster part of the 19th century. Built opera house, where Enrico Caruso performed. <BR> native Americans of southern-central Chile and Argentina. They withstood Inca <BR> attempts to conquer them, and successfully resisted the Spanish conquistadores. <BR> conquered by the Chilean respectively Argentinian armies in the 1860es. <BR> free trade organization, comprising of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay as <BR> full members, Chile as associated member. founded in 1991. <BR> person of mixed descent, with a white and a native American parent. <BR> When, during the phase of the Spanish conquest, the Conquistadores showed excessive <BR> greed and no mercy toward the native population, missionaries became convinced that in <BR> order to protect native population groups, it was necessary to isolate them from outside <BR> society. All over the Spanish Americas, missions or reductions were established, in <BR> essence communities of native Americans under the protection of priests (often Jesuits). <BR> While the native Americans were converted to Catholicism, their communal lifestyle - <BR> sharing labour and profit - and their language were preserved. In the later half of the 18th <BR> century, the Jesuit Order came under political pressure; the Order withdrew her protection <BR> of the missions, and the Jesuit missions, f.i. in La Plata and Paraguay, were dissolved. <BR> Missions protected by organizations other than the Jesuits shared that fate in the early <BR> 19th century. <BR> in coastal Peru, between the 1st and 8th century A.D. They constructed pyramids, <BR> temples, aqueducts. They produced pottery which often was covered with paintings, which <BR> leave us with some impression of Mochica life. Have earlier been called Early Chimu. <BR> mothers of victims who disappeared in Argentina's Dirty War (1975-1983), got organized <BR> in 1977. They demanded the authorities to provide them with information on their <BR> children. Their demonstrations were embarrassing to the military dictatorship and <BR> brought the organization int'l fame. <BR> see under Chibcha Civilization <BR> civilization which thrived in Peru between the 1st and 6th centuries A.D.; left behind the <BR> Nazca lines - large silhouettes of animals, best viewed from birds-eye-perspective. <BR> see Viceroyalty of Santa Fe de Bogota <BR> fought in 1879-1884 between Chile on one, Peru and Bolivia on the other. Chile was <BR> victorious and annexed Bolivia's coastal province, as well as Tacna and Arica from <BR> Peru. Tacna was returned to Peru in 1929; Bolivia ever since is landlocked. see <BR> <A HREF = "../../military/19cen/pacwar187984.html">article</A> at this site <BR> of vital logistic importance for Pacific colonial Spanish south America, as everything <BR> transported from Spain to Lima and vice versa had to be unloaded at Panama's <BR> Caribbean Coast, carried on mules across the isthm and loaded on ships on Panama's <BR> Pacific coast, or vice versa. Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1717, of the V. of <BR> Santa Fe de Bogota until 1819, of (Grand) Colombia until 1903. see entry in <BR> Historical Dictionary of Central America. <BR> Asuncion was settled by the Spanish in 1536, a settlement which remained isolated <BR> from contacts with the outside world for decades. Much of Paraguay became a <BR> Jesuit mission, where Guarani was the official language. The mission was dissolved <BR> in 1757; Paraguay declared independence in 1811. A succession of dictators <BR> presided over 'a socialist experiment', government in the interest of the Guarani <BR> majority, forcing the traditional elite to intermarry with Guarani. In the War of the <BR> Triple Alliance 1865-1870, Paraguay lost 25 % of her population; end of the socialist <BR> experiment. One of the poorest and most backward nations of South America, has <BR> seen many coups d'etat and military dictators. Official languages Spanish and Guarani. <BR> see <A HREF = "../../region/samerica/xparaguay.html">Paraguay pages</A> at this site <BR> a term describing persons in colonial Spanish America who came from Spain. Mostly <BR> used for holders of high office in the administration, for which they were appointed <BR> at the court in Madrid (positions the criollos would like to occupy themselves). <BR> term describing the political organization/movement headed by Argentinian general/ <BR> politician Juan Peron. He was an admirer of Benito Mussolini and implemented <BR> measures which improved living of the urban poor. Even after he was ousted, for <BR> several decades no other political organization in Argentina managed to overtake <BR> the Peronists in strength; the movement outlived the founder. <BR> Peru proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821; confederated with Bolivia <BR> 1836-1939; won Guano War against Spain 1865-1866, lost Pacific War against <BR> Chile 1879-1884. Annexed upper Amazon region (around Iquitos) in 1851; contested <BR> by Ecuador. In the 1980es troubled by Shining Path guerilla. A poor nation; <BR> languages Spanish, Quechua, Aymara. see <A HREF = "../../region/samerica/xperu.html">Peru pages</A> at this site <BR> established in 1550, covering all of Spanish South America incl. Panama. In 1717 <BR> the Viceroyalty of Santa Fe de Bogota *= New Granada) was separated; in 1776 <BR> the Viceroyalty of La Plata, leaving Lima (Peru) with the administration of Peru, <BR> Bolivia and Chile. <BR> at Potosi, silver was found in 1545. Located at an altitude of 4000 m above the sea, <BR> silver mining was her only raison d'etre. Has 86 churches; had a population of <BR> 200,000 at the peak of silver production in the 17th century. Largest silver deposit <BR> in history. The silver mining industry experienced a rapid decline in the early 19th <BR> century. see article from <A HREF = "http://www.boliviaweb.com/cities/potosi.htm">Bolivia Web</A> <BR> language and people in Peru-Bolivia. Quechua was one of the major languages of the <BR> Inca Empire; still spoken in parts of Peru and Bolivia. <BR> see under Missions <BR> Peruvian commnunist guerilla, Spanish name Sendero Luminoso. Founded in <BR> c.1964 by Abimael Guzman; their activities (executing village officials loyal to the <BR> state, abducting tourists etc.) peaked in the 1980es. In 1992 their leader Abimael <BR> Huzman was arrested. The government forces were brutal in their campaign to <BR> fight the guerilla. <BR> settled by British colonists from Barbados in 1650, ceded to the Dutch in 1667. <BR> Sugar plantation colony; became independent in 1975. see <A HREF = "../../region/samerica/xsuriname.html">Suriname pages</A> <BR> at this site <BR> Treaty concluded between Spain and Portugal in 1494, mediated by Pope Alexander <BR> VI., in effect dividing the world outside Europe in a Spanish and a Portuguese zone. <BR> Spain and Portugal respected the treaty (with minor modifications); the other <BR> European nations did not recognize it. <BR> fought between Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay on one side, Paraguay on the other, <BR> 1865-1870. Paraguay lost one quarter of its population in the war, practically her <BR> entire adult male population. <BR> rebellion of Amerindians in Peru 1780-1783, led by a miner who assumed the name <BR> of Inca Tupac Amaru. While the rebellion was crushed and the leaders were <BR> executed, a number of reforms they demanded were implemented. <BR> group of Uruguayan urban terrorists, named after Inca Tupac Amaru, founded in the <BR> 1960es, 'fought' during Uruguay's Dirty War 1973-1985. With the restoration of democracy <BR> the Tupamaros formed a legal political party. <BR> in colonial times a remote region contested between Spain and Portugal. Independent <BR> since 1828; Latin America's first Welfare State, nicknamed the Switzerland of Latin <BR> America. Economy based on export of meat and grain. Soccer World Champions <BR> 1930, 1950. Economic decline in the 1960es resulted in the collapse of the welfare <BR> state. Urban terrorism (Tupamaros), military dictatorship & dirty war 1973-1985. <BR> see <A HREF = "../../region/samerica/xuruguay.html">Uruguay pages</A> at this site <BR> Here Simon Bolivar began the quest for Spanish south America's independence. <BR> Venezuela seceded from Grand Colombia in 1830. Oil producer; OPEC was founded <BR> by a Venezuelan. see <A HREF = "../../region/samerica/xvenezuela.html">Venezuela pages</A> at this site <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> Jean L. Willis, <A HREF = "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0810807661/">Historical Dictionary of Uruguay</A>, Rowman & Littlefield 1974 [G] <BR> Robert Henry Davis, <A HREF = "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0810809990/">Historical Dictionary of Colombia</A>, Scarecrow 1977 [G] <BR> Salvatore Bizzarro, <A HREF = "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0810819643/">Historical Dictionary of Chile</A>, Rowman & Littlefield 1987 [G] <BR> D.K. & G.A. Rudolph, <A HREF = "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0810804239/">Historical Dictionary of Venezuela</A>, Scarecrow 1971 [G] <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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