ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Central Asia with Iran, 1000-1300 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2008 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../banners/ban10001300.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../13001490/hdcasia13001490.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> 1300-1490 </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on October 30th 2008 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Central Asia with Iran, 1000-1300 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/period/10001300/casia10001300.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "buyid"><B>Buyid Dynasty</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Persian Sunni Muslim dynasty, established in 934; in the course of the 10th century they took control of most of Iran, became protectors of the Abbasid Caliphs residing in Baghdad. In the 11th century they lost ground to the <A HREF = "#ghaznavid">Ghaznavids</A> and <A HREF = "#seljuq">Seljuqs</A>. Ended in 1055. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "chagatai"><B>Chagatai</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Chaghatay, Jagatai) State which emerged from the partition of the <A HREF = "#mongolemp">Mongol Empire</A> in 1296; originally controlled the areas south of Lake Balkhash, East Turkestan (present Xinjiang) and Mawarannahr. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ghaznavid"><B>Ghaznavid Empire</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Sunni Muslim state, capital Ghazni, 974-1187. Expanded into Western Turkestan (Mawarannahr), Iran and India. Defeat in the Battle of Dandanaqan 1040 resulted in the loss of its territories in Western Turkestan and Iran to the <A HREF = "#seljuq">Seljuq Empire</A>. In 1186/1187 overthrown by the <A HREF = "#ghurid">Ghurid Dynasty</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ghurid"><B>Ghurid Empire</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The Ghurid state began in 1175, overtook the <A HREF = "#ghaznavid">Ghaznavid Empire</A> in 1186-1187, continued raids into India which in 1193 resulted in the sack of <A HREF = "hdindia10001300.html#nalanda">Nalanda</A>. Out of the Ghurid state in 1206 emerged the <A HREF = "hdindia10001300.html#sdelhi">Sultanate of Delhi</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ilkhanate"><B>Il-Khanate</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Southwestern part of the <A HREF = "#mongolemp">Mongol Empire</A> (Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, E. Anatolia) since 1256); formally independent since 1296, disintegrated in 1335. Conversion to Islam 1295. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "karakhanid"><B>Kara Khanid Khanate</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Turk Sunni Muslim Khanate ruling Mawarannahr 840-1211. From the late 11th century to 1140 a vassall of the <A HREF = "#seljuq">Seljuq Empire</A>; since 1140 controlled by the <A HREF = "#karakitai">Kara Kitai</A> (Western Liao); in 1211 conquered and split by the <A HREF = "#mongolemp">Mongol Empire</A> and the <A HREF = "#khwarezmian">Khwarezmian Khanate</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "karakitai"><B>Kara Kitai Khanate</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In 1127 the <A HREF = "hdfareast10001300.html#liao">Liao Dynasty</A> was ousted by the <A HREF = "hdfareast10001300.html#jin">Jin Dynasty</A>; Liao refugees - the Kara Kitai - took control of the <A HREF = "#karakhanid">Kara Khanid Khanate</A> (1140-1211). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "khorasan"><B>Khorasan</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Region in NE Iran, historically covering also modern Turkmenistan, W Uzbekistan and NE Afghanistan (Herat). Samanid, <A HREF = "#ghaznavid">Ghaznavid</A>, <A HREF = "#ghurid">Ghurid</A>, <A HREF = "#seljuq">Seljuq</A>, then <A HREF = "#khwarezmian">Khwarezmian</A>. Part of the <A HREF = "#khwarezmian">Khwarezmian Empire</A> until conquered by the <A HREF = "#mongolemp">Mongols</A> in the 1220s, part of the <A HREF = "#ilkhanate">Il-Khanate</A> 1296-1335; </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "khuraltai"><B>Khuraltai</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> or Huraltai, Kurultai, assembly of the Mongols on the occasion of the death of the Khan. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "khwarezmian"><B>Khwarezmian Khanate</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Khwarezm province of the <A HREF = "#ghaznavid">Ghaznavid Empire</A> 992-1041, of the <A HREF = "#seljuq">Seljuq Empire</A> 1041-1077; then independent. Defeated <A HREF = "#seljuq">Seljuq Empire</A> in 1194; took control of Iran; in 1211 took control of parts of <A HREF = "#karakitai">Kara Kitai</A>; in 1218-1225 defeated and absorbed by the <A HREF = "#mongolem">Mongol Empire</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "mongolemp"><B>Mongol Empire</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established in 1206; conquered <A HREF = "#karakitai">Kara Kitai</A> in 1211, <A HREF = "#khwarezmian">Khwarezmian Khanate</A> 1218-1225, <A HREF = "hdfareast10001300.html#tangut">Tangut Empire</A> in 1227, <A HREF = "hdfareast10001300.html#jin">Jin Dynasty</A> in 1234, the Volga Bulgars in 1236, took Kiev in 1240, forced <A HREF = "#tibet">Tibet</A> into vassalage 1247, took Baghdad 1258, <A HREF = "#hdfareast10001300.html#nanzhao">Nanzhao</A> in 1274, <A HREF = "#hdfareast10001300.html#song">Southern Song</A> in 1279. Attempted invasions of Japan 1272, 1281 failed; successful invasion of Java 1292. Founder Genghis Khan died in 1227; successor Kublai Khan in 1271 assumed title Emperor of China (<A HREF = "hdfareast10001300.html#yuan">Yuan Dynasty</A>). <A HREF = "#paxmongolica">Pax Mongolica</A>. Was partitioned into <A HREF = "#hdfareast10001300.html#yuan">Yuan China</A>, <A HREF = "#ilkhanate">Il Khanate</A>, <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A>, Golden Horde in 1295-1296. Central institution <A HREF = "#khuraltai">Khuraltai</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "paxmongolica"><B>Pax Mongolica</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Latin for Mongol Peace; the lands between the Carpathian Mountains and the Pacific Ocean being unified under one ruler 1240-1296 was favourable to trade and the travels of missionaries. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "samarkand"><B>Samarkand</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Leading trade city on the Silk Road. Founded c.700, Part of the Samanid Sultanate, the <A HREF = "#karakhanid">Kara Khanid Khanate</A>, the <A HREF = "#seljuq">Seljuq Empire</A>, the <A HREF = "#khwarezmian">Khwarezmian Khanate</A> until conquered by the <A HREF = "#mongolemp">Mongol Empire</A> in 1220; part of the Mongol Empire until 1296, of <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A> 1296-1346. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "seljuq"><B>Seljuq Empire</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Dynasty established in 1037; defeated the <A HREF = "#ghaznvid">Ghaznavid Empire</A> in the Battle of Dandanaqan 1040, gained Ghaznavid territory in Western Turkestan, Iran; conquered the lands of the <A HREF = "#buyid">Buyid Dynasty</A>, took Baghdad in 1055; defeated Byzantine Empire in Battle of Mantzikert 1071, took control of most of Anatolia. Partitioned in 1092; most important successor state the Sultanate of Rum (Anatolia). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "tibet"><B>Tibet</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Divided into several states 842-1247. Conquered by <A HREF = "#mongolemp">Mongol Empire</A> in 1230s and 1240s, reunited 1247. From 1271/1296 part of <A HREF = "hdfareast13001490.html#yuandyn">Yuan Empire</A>. C. 1350 Tibet reestablished independence. Since 1430s internal power struggles; in 1578 Mongol ruler Altan Khan referred to Tibetan monk Sonam Gyatsu as the (first) Dalai Lama. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> John H. Lorenz, Historical Dictionary of Iran, Lanham MD : Scarecrow 1995 KMLA Lib. Call Sign <B>R 955.003 L868h</B> <BR> Jamil Hanifi, Historical and Cultural Dictionary of Afghanistan, Metuchen NJ : Scarecrow 1976 <BR> Alan J.K. Sanders, Historical Dictionary of Mongolia, London : Scarecrow 1996 <BR> Paul D. Buell, Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire, Lanham MD : Scarecrow 2003 KMLA ib. Call Sign <B>R 909.0494201 B928h</B> <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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