ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Central Asia with Iran, 1490-1648 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2008 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> 1300-1490 </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../13001490/hdcasia13001490.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "x14901648.html"> <img src = "../banners/ban14901648.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../16481789/hdcasia16481789.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> 1648-1789 </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on October 25th 2008, last revised on November 8th 2008 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Central Asia with Iran, 1490-1648 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/period/14901648/hdcasia14901648.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "akkoyunlu"><B>Ak Koyunlu</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Aq Qoyunlu, White Sheep Turks/Turkomans) joined in the conquests of Timur Lenk; upon his death (1405) centered on Diyarbakir, they broke away from <A HREF = "#timuridemp">Timurid Empire</A>. In 1467 they defeated <A HREF = "#karakoyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</A>, established control over Eastern Anatolia, Azerbaijan, Iraq. Capital Tabriz. At the expense of the Timurid dynasty, extended rule over Persia, Baluchistan. In 1508 succeeded by Safavid Dynasty (Shi'ite). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "bukhara"><B>Bukhara</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> City on the Amu Darja in Mawaranahr; from 1500 to 1598 capital of the Shaybanid Khanate of Bukhara </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "chagatai"><B>Chagatai</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Chaghatay, Jagatai) State which emerged from the partition of the Mongol Empire in 1296; originally controlled the areas south of Lake Balkhash, East Turkestan (present Xinjiang) and <A HREF = "#mawarannahr">Mawarannahr</A>. Lost control of <A HREF = "#mawarannahr">Mawarannahr</A> c.1346, of <A HREF = "#moghulistan">Moghulistan</A> (southern East Turkestan) in 1347. In the 1420s Chagatayid rule over <A HREF = "#moghulistan">Moghulistan</A> restored. Islam had made inroads since 1330; under Yunus Khan (1462-1487) Sharia law introduced. Disintegrated in the 1670s. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "hormuz"><B>Hormuz</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Or Ormus, historical kingdom centered on the islansd and city of Hormuz at the outlet of the Gulf. Existed sincve the 10th century, a Persian vassall since the 13th; Portuguese 1515-1622; then Persian; in the mid-17th century briefly held by Muscat. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "kazakhkhanate"><B>Kazakh Khanate</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Fraction of the Golden Horde, independent Khanate since 1456; centered on the steppe of eastern Kazakhstan. Competed with the <A HREF = "#shaybanidkanate">Uzbek (Shaybanid) Khanate</A> over control of the steppe of West Turkestan. Divided into 3 hordes which subsequently submitted to Russian rul in the early 19th century. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "khalkha"><B>Khalkha Mongols</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Rivals of the <A HREF = "#oirats">Oirat Mongols</A>. The Khalkha Altan Khanate rose to importance in the 16th century; controlled most of Mongolia from the 17th century; introduced Buddhism into Mongolia in 1578. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "khorasan"><B>Khorasan</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Region in NE Iran, historically covering also modern Turkmenistan, W Uzbekistan and NE Afghanistan (Herat). Part of the Khwarezmian Empire until conquered by the Mongols in the 1220s, part of the <A HREF = "#ilkhanate">Il-Khanate</A> 1296-1335; Timurid since the 1390es, until conquered by the Safavids in 1506. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "mawarannahr"><B>Mawarannahr</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Mavarannahr, Transoxania) Core region of western Turkestan, on the upper Amy-Darja, the land around the Silk Road cities of <A HREF = "#samarkand">Samarkand</A> and Bukhara. Part of the Khorezmian Empire until conquered by the Mongols in the 1220s. From 1296 to 1346 part of <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A>. Islam introduced c.1330. From 1346 to 1389 contested; from 1389 to 1449 core region of the <A HREF = "#timuridemp">Timurid Empire</A> (Timur Lenk until 1405, Shah Rukh 1405-1449; since 1449 quarrels within the Timurid family over control of the <A HREF = "#timuridemp.html">Timurid Empire</A>). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "moghulistan"><B>Moghulistan</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Moghuliya, Kashgaria) The southern part of the Tarim basin, with Kashgar at its center, controlling a stretch of the Silk Road. Part of the Mongol Empire since the 1220s, of <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A> 1296-1347 when Moghulistan broke away in resentment of the ongoing conversion of <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A> to Islam. <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A> rule restored in 1380, but Moghulistan repeatedly broke away until <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A> rule was firmly reestablished c.1420. Islam made progress; Sharia law introduced in the later 15th century. <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A> rule continued into 1670s. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "oirats"><B>Oirats</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Oirat Mongols; an alliance of Mongol tribes which established control over modern Mongolia in the course of the 14th century, at the time of the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty (1368). Oirat Mongolia suffered series of <A HREF = "hdfareast13001490.html#mingdyn">Ming</A> invasions (under Emperor Yongle 1402-1424); greatest ruler Esen Khan 1439-1454 who raided <A HREF = "hdfareast13001490.html#beijing">Beijing</A> and captured Emperor Yu Qian in 1449. Rivals of the <A HREF = "#khalkha">Khalkha Mongols</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "safavid"><B>Safavid Dynasty</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Shi'ite. Ruled Persia from 1507 (absorbing the Ak Koyunlu state) to 1722. One of the "Gunpowder Empires"; stopped Ottoman expansion to the east. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "samarkand"><B>Samarkand</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Leading trade city on the Silk Road. Part of the Mongol Empire until 1296, of <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A> 1296-1346, capital of <A HREF = "#timuridemp">Timurid Empire</A> 1389-1507 (although main object of fraternal warfare within Timurid Dynasty since 1449); in 1507 conquered by Muhammad Shaybani. Under Shaybanid rule no longer capital. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "shaybanidkhanate"><B>Shaybanid Khanate</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established in the late 15th century; took control of Bukhara, <A HREF = "#samarkand">Samarkand</A> (1507), Herat (from the <A HREF = "#timuridemp">Timurid Empire</A>) in the early 15th century. Disintegrated soon after. Established capital in <A HREF = "#bukhara">Bukhara</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "sibirkhanate"><B>Sibirkhanate</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Broke away from Golden Horde. Established in the 15th century; in conflict with <A HREF = "#shaybanidkhanate">Shaybanids</A>. Shamanist, although attempt to convert people to Islam was made by Kuchum Khan (1563-1598). Conquered by Cossacks and annexed into Russian Empire 1582-1584; resistance against Russian conquest continued until 1598. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "tibet"><B>Tibet</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Conquered by Mongol Empire in 1230s and 1240s. From 1271/1296 part of <A HREF = "hdfareast13001490.html#yuandyn">Yuan Empire</A>. C. 1350 Tibet reestablished independence. Since 1430s internal power struggles; in 1578 Mongol ruler Altan Khan referred to Tibetan monk Sonam Gyatsu as the (first) Dalai Lama. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "timuridemp"><B>Timurid Empire</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established by Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) 1389-1405, capital <A HREF = "#samarkand">Samarkand</A>. Timur's son Shah Rukh 1405-1449 was able of holding together the eastern half (<A HREF = "#mawarannahr">Mawarannahr</A>, <A HREF = "#khorasan">Khorasan</A>, Persia, Afghanistan), lost Anatolia and Western Iran, among others to the Ottoman Empire, the <A HREF = "#akkoyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</A> and <A HREF = "#karakoyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</A>. Patricide, fratricide and wars over succession then weakened the Empire; <A HREF = "#samarkand">Samarkand</A> was the main object of Timurid fraternal warfare. The fall of <A HREF = "#samarkand">Samarkand</A> to <A HREF = "#shaybanidkhanate">Muhammad Shaybani</A> in 1507 marks the decline of the Timurids. Defeated at <A HREF = "#samarkand">Samarkand</A>, the Timurid Babur launched the conquest of the <A HREF = "hdindia13001490.html#sdelhi">Sultanate of Delhi</A> and established the Mughal Empire (1526). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "yasak"><B>Yasak</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Fur tax paid by the indigenous inhabitants of Siberia, first to the Mongols, later to the Russians; collection of this fur tax was the incentive for the Russian exploration and conquest of what is now known as Siberia. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> John H. Lorenz, Historical Dictionary of Iran, Lanham MD : Scarecrow 1995 KMLA Lib. Call Sign <B>R 955.003 L868h</B> <BR> Jamil Hanifi, Historical and Cultural Dictionary of Afghanistan, Metuchen NJ : Scarecrow 1976 <BR> Alan J.K. Sanders, Historical Dictionary of Mongolia, London : Scarecrow 1996 <BR> Paul D. Buell, Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire, Lanham MD : Scarecrow 2003 KMLA ib. Call Sign <B>R 909.0494201 B928h</B> <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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