ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Southeast Asia, 1648-1789 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2008 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> 1490-1648 </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../14901648/hdseasia14901648.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "x16481789.html"> <img src = "../banners/ban16481789.jpg" border = "0"></A> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on November 11th 2008 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Southeast Asia, 1648-1789 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/period/16481789/hdseasia16481789.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "aceh"><B>Aceh</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> State located on the northern tip of Sumatra; converted to Islam in the mid 15th century. Following the Portuguese conquest of <A HREF = "#malacca">Malacca</A>, the Sultanate of Aceh pursued an expansionist policy, repeatedly laying siege to <A HREF = "#malacca">Malacca</A>. In 1873-1908 the Dutch, overcoming determined resistance, conquered Aceh and incorporated it in the Dutch ast Indies. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "annam"><B>Annam</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The southern part of <A HREF = "#daiviet">Dai Viet</A>. In 1600 the Nguyen Dynasty established control over Annam in defiance of the Trinh Dynasty which remained in control of most of the north (Tongking). Annam frequently at war with Tongking; reunification of Vietnam in 1802. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "arakan"><B>Arakan</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Kingdom, unified in 1431, conquered by <A HREF = "#burma">Burma</A> in 1785. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ayutthayakgd"><B>Ayutthaya, Kingdom of</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Thai kingdom, capital Ayutthaya, 1351-1767. Destroyed <A HREF = "#khmer">Khmer Empire</A> in 1431; annexed <A HREF = "#sukhothai">Sukhothai</A> in 1438. Theravada Buddhism official religion since 1360. 1569-1593 <A HREF = "#burma">Burmese</A> vassall. Ended by Burmese sack of Ayuthaya in 1767. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "#batavia"><B>Batavia</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In 1619 a V.O.C. fleet took Jakatra, a city on Java'a north coast, constructed Fort Batavia there; it was to become the capital of the V.O.C. Empire in Asia, and later the capital of the Dutch East Indies; since 1949, under the name of Jakarta, capital of Indonesia. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "#sbrunei"><B>Brunei</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Kingdom, believed to go as far back as the 7th century; temporarily vassall to Srivijaya and <A HREF = "#majapahit">Majapahit</A>; converted to Islam in the mid 15th century, when it became the Sultanate of Brunei. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "#burma"><B>Burma</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In 1531 the Taungoo Dynasty (until 1752) reunited central Burma, began an expasionist policy, forcing <A HREF = "#lannathai">Lannathai</A> 1557, <A HREF = "#ayutthaya">Ayutthaya</A> 1569, <A HREF = "#lanxang">Lan Xang</A> 1574 to accept Burmese vassall status. From 1752 to 1885 Konbaung Dynasty, which pursued a policy of expansion, sacked <A HREF = "#ayutthaya">Ayutthaya</A> in 1767, conquered <A HREF = "#arakan">Arakan</A> in 1785. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "#cambodia"><B>Cambodia</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Remnant of the Khmer Empire, destroyed in 1431. The Buddhist Kingdom of Cambodia long suffered the condition of being a vassall to both Siam (The <A HREF = "#ayutthaya">Kingdom of Ayutthaya</A>) and Vietnam (<A HREF = "#annam">Annam</A>). French protectorate in 1859. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "#champasak"><B>Champasak</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Historical kingdom located in S Laos; split off from <A HREF = "#lanxang">Lan Xang</A> in 1702; vassall of Siam from the late 18th century; French protectorate since 1890es. The line of kings ended in 1904; in 1946 annexed into newly formed Kingdom of Laos. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "lannathai"><B>Lannathai</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Thai kingdom, capital Chiang Mai, 1296-1774, when it was conquered and annexed by Siam. 1557 defeated by <A HREF = "#burma">Burma</A>, briefly Burmese vassall. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "lanxang"><B>Lan Xang</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Lao kingdom, capital Luang Prabang, 1394-1702, when it was split into Luang Prabang, Vientiane and Champasak. 1574 defeated by <A HREF = "#burma">Burma</A>, briefly a Burmese vassall. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "#lprabang"><B>Luang Prabang</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Historical kingdom located in Laos; split off from <A HREF = "#lanxang">Lan Xang</A> in 1707; French protectorate since 1890es. In 1946 it formed the core of the newly created Kingdom of Laos. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "malacca"><B>Malacca</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> City on the strategic Malacca Straits; 1402-1511 caital of the <A HREF = "#smalacca">Sultanate of Malacca</A>; 1511-1641 Portuguese; 1641-1798 possessin of the V.O.C. Important center in the spice and tin trade. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "smalacca"><B>Malacca, Sultanate of</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established in 1402. When the city of <A HREF = "#malacca">Malacca</A> was taken by the Portuguese in 1511, the Sultan moved his residence to Johore. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "mataram"><B>Mataram</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Sultanate on Central Java, established c.1570; succession strife led to partition into Sultanates of Surakarta and Yogyakarta in the 1740es. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "moluccas"><B>Moluccas</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> or Spice Islands, small archipelago in NE Indonesia. Produced the best quality clovers, nutmeg and pepper. The southeastern end of the Asian-African-European trade network. Strategically most important Ambon (portuguese 1526-1605; V.O.C. 1605-1798). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "pattani"><B>Pattani</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Trading city on the NE coast of the Malay Peninsula; the Kingdom of Pattani was a vassall of the <A HREF = "#ayutthaya">Kingdom of Ayutthaya</A>. Visited by Zheng He, later by many European merchants. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "penang"><B>Penang</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Pulau Pinang) part of the Sultanate of Kedah when acquired by the E.I.C. in 1786. Nucleus of the Straits Settlements (with Singapore (1819) and Malacca (1824)); the Straits Settlements were dissolved in 1946, Penang becoming part of British Malaya. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Philippines</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Archipelago in Southeast Asia. First European visitors expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese navigator in Spanish service. Treaty of Zaragoza left the Philippines in the ortuguese sphere; later Portugal recognized Spain's claim. Spanish conquest 1567; capital established at Manila. From 1567 to 1821 the Philippines were a province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico); from 1821 to 1898 a separate Spanish colony; long the most remote part of the Spanish Empire. During Spanish rule, the population converted to Catholicism. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "#siam"><B>Siam</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Kingdom 1768-1932; capital first at Thonburi, since 1782 Bangkok. Since 1782 Chakri Dynasty. In 1932 renamed Thailand. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "tongking"><B>Tongking</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Name for the northern part of <A HREF = "#daiviet">Dai Viet</A> after <A HREF = "#annam">Annam</A> split off in 1600. Most of Tongking was rued by the Trinh Dynasty, a small stretch of territory on the Chinese border by the Mac Dynasty. In 1802 reunified with Annam. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "vientiane"><B>Vientiane</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Historical kingdom in NW Laos; independent 1701-1779 when it was forced to accept vassall status to Siam; French protectorate 1893-1946; since 1946 part of Kingdom of Laos. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "voc"><B>V.O.C.</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (United East India Company (Dutch)); established in 1602 with monopoly to trade east of the Cape of Good Hope. Capital <A HREF = "#batavia">Batavia</A> (since 1619); had possessions on Java, in the <A HREF = "#moluccas">Moluccas</A>, on Ceylon, the Coromandel, Malabar Coast, <A HREF = "#malacca">Malacca</A>, on <A HREF = "hdfareast14901648.html#taiwan">Taiwan</A>, Mauritius, the Cape Colony. Went bankrupt in 1798; her assets taken over by the Batavian Republic. Until c.1730 the dominant European company trading with Asia. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> Harold E. Smith, Historical and Cultural Dictionary of Thailand, Lanham Md : Scarecrow 4th edition 2005 <BR> Martin Stuart-Fox and Mary Kooyman, Historical Dictionary of Laos, Metuchen N.J. : Scarecrow 1992, <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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