ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Far East, 1789-1914 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2008 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> 1648-1789 </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../16481789/hdfareasy16481789.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../banners/ban17891914.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on November 26th 2008 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Far East, 1789-1914 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/period/17891914/hdfareast17891914.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "angjap"><B>Anglo-Japanese Alliance</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Signed in 1902. Britain was concerned about Russian lease of <A HREF = "#portarthur">Port Arthur</A>. During the <A HREF = "#rusjap">Russo-Japanese War</A> 1904-1905, Britain was more than sympathetic toward <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A>. Renewed 1905, 1911. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "boxer"><B>Boxer Rebellion</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Began in Shandong province in 1897; blamed the economic misery of the <A HREF = "#chinemp">Chinese Empire</A> on foreigners. Targeted missionaries, Chinese converts to Christianity, foreigners in general. Chinese authorities did not take measures to prevent mob violence; when the German ambassador to China was killed, mob violence turned into an open rebellion. The western embassies in Beijing were besieged by the Boxers, until relieved by an international force (1900). In Chinese called I-he-quan. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "chinemp"><B>Chinese Empire</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Ruled by the <A HREF = "#qingdyn">Qing Dynasty</A> 1644-1911. <A HREF = "#opiumwar">Opium War</A> 1839-1842, <A HREF = "#taiping">Taiping Rebellion</A> 1851-1864, Arrow War 1856-1860, cession of Amur Territory to Russia 1858, of Ussuri Territory to Russia 1860; begin of modernization 1860; Sino-French War 1884-1885, cession of Annam, Tongking to France 1885, <A HREF = "#sinjap">Sino-Japanese War</A> 1894-1895, cession of <A HREF = "#taiwan">Taiwan</A> to <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A> 1895, <A HREF = "#100">Hundred Days' Reform</A> 1898, <A HREF = "#opendoor">Open Door Policy</A> 1898-, <A HREF = "#boxer">Boxer Rebellion</A> 1899-1901, <A HREF = "#chinrev">Chinese Revolution</A> 1911. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "chinrev"><B>Chinese Revolution</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In 1911, Sun Yat Sen established a Provisional Republican Government in <A HREF = "#guangzhou">Guangzhou</A>. In 1912, Yuan Shi Kai established a rival republican administration in Beijing and coerced Sun Yat Sen to return into Japanese exile. Only upon the death of Yuan Shi Kai did Sun Yat Sen return to Guangzhou, and the Republic of China began in earnest. The Chinese Revolution resulted in the dissolution of the <A HREF = "#chinemp">Chinese Empire</A>; (Outer) Mongolia and Tibet declared independence; most provinces were controlled by the so-called warlords. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "coolie"><B>Coolie</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Name for extremely poor Chinese who signed contracts as indentured laborers, emigrated to California, Mexico, Peru, Hawaii etc. to work on plantations, railway construction sites etc. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "deshima"><B>Deshima</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Dejima) artificial island in the port of Nagasaki; from 1641 to 1854 home to 7 Dutchmen (merchants, one medical doctor) (until 1798 employees of the V.O.C.); the V.O.C. sent one ship per year. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "edo"><B>Edo Period</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Period in Japanese history, from 1603-1868; Tokugawa Shogunate </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "guangzhou"><B>Guangzhou</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Capital of China's Guangdong Province, and China's main port for international trade; from 1557 to 1842 its only port open to foreign merchants. Trade was conducted under conditions set by the Chinese authorities. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "100"><B>Hundred Days' Reform</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Reform policy by Guangxu Emperor in 1898 in an attempt to modernize the <A HREF = "#chinemp">Chinese Empire</A>. Terminated in a coup d'etat. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "japan"><B>Japanese Empire</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Pursued <A HREF = "#sakoku">Sakoku Policy</A> from 1633-1854; in 1854 opening to the west; <A HREF = "#meiji">Meiji Restoration</A> in 1868. Annexation of <A HREF = "#ryukyu">Ryukyu Islands</A> 1879, <A HREF = "#sinjap">Sino-Japanese War</A> 1894-1895; annexation of <A HREF = "#taiwan">Taiwan</A> 1895, <A HREF = "#angjap">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</A> 1902, <A HREF = "#rusjap">Russo-Japanese War</A> 1904-1905, Annexation of <A HREF = "#karafuto">Karafuto</A> 1905, Annexation of <A HREF = "#korea">Korea</A> 1910. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "joseon"><B>Joseon</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Name of dynasty ruling <A HREF = "#korea">Korea</A> 1392-1910, also applied to the state itself. Capital Seoul; Confucianist. Kingdom of Joseon (Korea) until 1897 recognized Chinese suzerainty over Korea; in 1897 declared independence from China (Empire of Taehan). Until 1876 closed to westerners. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "karafuto"><B>Karafuto</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Krafto) southern half of Sakhalin. A 1875 treaty allocated all of Sakhalin to the Russian Empire, the Kuril Islands to <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A>. Following defeat in the <A HREF = "#rusjap">Russo-Japanese War</A> in 1905, Russia ceded the southern half of Sakhalin (Karafuto) to <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "korea"><B>Korea</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Until 1897 <A HREF = "#joseon">Kingdom of Joseon</A> (Chinese vassall); 1897-1905 Empire of Taehan; 1905-1910 Japanese protectorate; in 1910 annexed by <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "manchuria"><B>Manchuria</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Ancestral homeland of the Manchu / <A HREF = "#qingdyn">Qing Dynasty</A>. Until 1860 it was closed to Han Chinese. In 1858 the Chinese Empire ceded the Amur Territory to Russian Empire, in 1860 territory east of the Ussuri River. In 1860 the settlement of Han Chinese in Manchuria was permitted. Following <A HREF = "#sinjap">Sino-Japanese War</A> 1894-1895, <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A> claimed special rights in Manchuria, but quickly had to give up that claim to Russia. 1898-1905 Russia controlled Manchuria (which nominally remained part of <A HREF = "#chinemp">Chinese Empire</A>). In the <A HREF = "#rusjap">Russo-Japanese War</A>, <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A> prevailed and took Russia's position in Manchuria. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "meiji"><B>Meiji Restoration</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Name given to the reform of administration and policy in <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A> 1868, which terminated the Tokugawa Shogunate, introduced parliamentary rule and which began a policy of modernization. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "opendoor"><B>Open Door Policy</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In 1899 China had become the target of colonial acquisitions, and partitioning of the <A HREF = "#chinemp">Chinese Empire</A> was discussed. The U.S. suggested an Open Door Policy to be applied in China, permitting free trade of all colonial powers with China. Although no written agreement was signed, the policy was followed. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "portarthur"><B>Opium War</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Fought between Britain and the <A HREF = "#chinemp">Chinese Empire</A> 1839-1842. Chinese authorities wanted to end the opium addiction troubling <A HREF = "#guangzhou">Guangzhou</A> and environs, caused by large-scale imports of opium grown by the British on plantations in India. Miscommunication caused hostilities; easy British victory. In the Treaty of Nanjing, the Chinese had to give in to the following British demands : (1) cession of Hong Kong to Britain, (2) opening of several ports to foreign trade, (3) to permit missionaries to enter China. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "portarthur"><B>Port Arthur</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Port on the southern tip of Liaotung Peninsula (Manchuria); in 1898 leased for 99 years by Russia from <A HREF = "#chinemp">Chinese Empire</A>; in 1905 taken by Japanese force; Russia transferred lease to <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A>. From 1945 to 1955 Soviet base. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "qingdyn"><B>Qing Dynasty</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Terminated <A HREF = "../14901648/hdfareast14901648.html#mingdyn">Ming Dynasty</A> in <A HREF = "#chinemp">China</A> in 1644. Capital<A HREF = "#beijing">Beijing</A>. In 1911 overthrown by the <A HREF = "#chinrev">Chinese Revolution</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "rusjap"><B>Russo-Japanese War</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Following <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A>'s victory over <A HREF = "#chinemp">China</A> in 1895, Russia, Germany and France coerced <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A> into giving up her claims in <A HREF = "#manchuria">Manchuria</A>; in 1898 Russia leased <A HREF = "#portarthur">Port Arthur</A>. The Korean king managed to escape Japanese control and took up residence in the Russian embassy; so Russian and Japanese interests collided in <A HREF = "#korea">Korea</A> and <A HREF = "#manchuria">Manchuria</A>. In 1904 the construction of the Transiberian Railroad neared completion. The Japanese navy sank two Russian warships before declaring war, and defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). Russia ceded southern Sakhalin (<A HREF = "#karafuto">Karafuto</A>) and ceded her lease on <A HREF = "#portarthur">Port Arthur</A>; <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A> declared a protectorate over <A HREF = "#korea">Korea</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ryukyu"><B>Ryukyu Islands</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Island kingdom (central island Okinawa); from 1609 to 1879 tributary to both <A HREF = "#chinemp">Chinese Empire</A> and to Satsuma Clan (Japan); in 1879 annexed by <A HREF = "#japan">Japanese Empire</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "sakoku"><B>Sakoku Policy</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Policy of seclusion of <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A>, 1633-1854. During this period, foreign trade was limited to one ship per year sent by the Dutch, to <A HREF = "#deshima">Deshima</A> (Nagasaki), and one ship per year from <A HREF = "#korea">Korea</A>. Ended by the opening of Japan in 1854. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "sinjap"><B>Sino-Japanese War</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Fought 1894-1895; easy victory of <A HREF = "#japan">Japan</A>. <A HREF = "#chinemp">Chinese Empire</A> ceded <A HREF = "#taiwan">Taiwan</A>; recognized Japanese rights in <A HREF = "#manchuria">Manchuria</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "taiping"><B>Taiping Rebellion</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The Opium War (1839-1842) and the concessions the <A HREF = "#chinemp">Chinese Empire</A> had to make in the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) caused a massive problem of poverty in southern China. Trade from the Yangtse valley to <A HREF = "#guangzhou">Guangzhou</A> traditionally had been conducted by a myriad of human carriers; since 1842 it was conducted by steamers. Hong Xiuquan, one-time student in a missionary school, declared himself the brother of Jesus Christ, and promised every one of his supporters a farm of their own. His army of supporters swoll; at one time the Taiping threatened Tianjin. In the end the movement disintegrated. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "taiwan"><B>Taiwan</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Island called "Ilha Formosa" by the Portuguese. In 1683 Taiwan annexed by <A HREF = "#qingdyn">Qing China</A>. In 1895 ceded by <A HREF = "#chinemp">China</A> to <A HREF = "#japan">Japanese Empire</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> EXTERNAL FILES : <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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