ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : History of the Early Cold War : The Struggle against Apartheid </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2001 --> </head> <body bgcolor = "lightgreen"> <div align = "center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../banner.jpg" border = "0"> </A></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </B></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </A></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../latecoldwar/xlcw.html"> <img src = "../topicbanners/apartheidstr.jpg" border = "0"> </A></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../latecoldwar/apartheidstr2.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"></A> </TD> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Struggle against Apartheid (2) </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Arab-Israeli Wars </B></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "arabisr.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </A></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "xecw.html"> <img src = "../banners/banecw.jpg" border = "0"> </A></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "uslatam.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"></A> </TD> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> The United States <BR> and Latin America </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <script language="JavaScript"> <!-- function SymError() { return true; } window.onerror = SymError; //--> </script> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- google_ad_client = "pub-0213752126925919"; google_alternate_color = "FFFFE1"; google_ad_width = 728; google_ad_height = 90; google_ad_format = "728x90_as"; google_ad_channel ="4814426207"; google_ad_type = "text"; google_page_url = document.location; google_color_border = "FF3300"; google_color_bg = "FFFFE1"; google_color_link = "0000CC"; google_color_url = "008000"; google_color_text = "6F6F6F"; //--></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <BR><BR><BR> </div> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "900" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "6" face = "arial"><B> Struggle against Apartheid </B></font> </TD></TR></TABLE><BR> <BR><BR> <font size = "4" face = "Times Roman"> In the late decades of colonialism, in most of Africa it was still normal that a small minority of whites lives a life in luxury while the majority of Africans lived in poverty, right besides them. <BR> In 1948, the NATIONAL PARTY under DANIEL MALAN won the election in the Union of South Africa, implementing the policy of APARTHEID which practically was lived in many African countries. Major differences were that the whites living in most of the other colonies were there for a limited time only and did not intend to stay, and that they formed only a tiny fraction of the population, while most white South Africans were born in the country, felt as AFRIKAANERS, and formed a significant population element. <BR> Apartheid is Afrikaans for segregation; by law, the ethnic groups of Whites, Indians, Blacks and Coloureds (of mized descent) were defined, separate institutions (schools, recreation facilities, different dwelling arreas in the cities etc.) were created, intermarriage outlawed etc. Of course much less money was spent on education and health care for the non-whites than for the whites. On the countryside, stretches of mostly barren land were marked as HOMELANDS, which were granted autonomy and partially even political independence (BANTUSTANS), a policy which allowed the South African Government to deprive many of its black inhabitants of their citizenship, declaring them foreigh nationals. <BR> In 1960, most colonies in Africa were released into independence, and the Apartheid policy became a bone of contention in relations between South Africa and the Commonwealth. The South Africanm government, unwilling to give up its policy, withdrew from the Commonwealth and proclaimed the REPUBLIC (1961). SOUTH WEST AFRICA was administrated by South Africa as a MANDATE of the United Nations (since 1915/1922, then a mandate of the League of Nations); Apartheid policy was here implemented as well. The white settlers of Southern Rhodesia sympathized with South Africa, unilaterally declaring independence from Britain in 1964. IAN SMITH became prime minister of a RHODESIA in which only the white minority enjoyed the right to vote. PORTUGAL still held on to its colonies in Africa, namely ANGOLA amnd MOCAMBIQUE, by force. <BR> In 1963 the UNITED NATIONS established a SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON APARTHEID, which was denounced by numerous UN resolutions; South Africa was also called upon to release Namibia into independence. South Africa and Rhodesia became the object of an INTERNATIONAL BOYCOTT. South Africa claimed to be a stronghold in the struggle against communism; yet even the USA, step by step, committed itself in the struggle against Apartheid. <BR><BR> In South Africa itself the AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (ANC) openly criticized the Apartheid system. Many of their leaders were jailed (among them NELSON MANDELA), the Apartheid system enforced by police and other state authorities. <BR> World opinion took the side of the ANC; in 1960 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to CHIEF ALBERT LUTHULI. <BR> South Africa, a state rich in mineral resources (gold, diamonds) was able to uphold suppression and to decisively deal with a few terrorist attacks. Yet the economic sanctions had an impact, leading to a slow deterioratioin of the economic situation. <BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "3" cellspace="5" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="160" valign="center" align="center" bgcolor="#00FF00"> <font size = "2" color = "#000000"> <A HREF = "usa194861.html"><B> Union of South Africa <BR> 1948-1961 </B></A></font></TD> <TD width="120" valign="center" align="center" bgcolor="#00FF00"> <font size = "2" color = "#000000"> <A HREF = "rhodesia196580.html"><B> Rhodesia <BR> 1965-1980 </B></A></font></TD> <TD width="120" valign="center" align="center" bgcolor="#00FF00"> <font size = "2" color = "#000000"> <A HREF = "transkei.html"><B> Transkei <BR> 1963-1994 </B></A></font></TD> <TD width="120" valign="center" align="center" bgcolor="#00FF00"> <font size = "2" color = "#000000"> <A HREF = "ciskei.html"><B> Ciskei <BR> 1961-1994 </B></A></font></TD> <TD width="150" valign="center" align="center" bgcolor="#00FF00"> <font size = "2" color = "#000000"> <A HREF = "rsa196194.html"><B> Rep. of South Africa <BR> 1961-1994 </B></A></font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "3" cellspace="5" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="150" valign="center" align="center" bgcolor="#00FF00"> <font size = "2" color = "#000000"> <A HREF = "swa193990.html"><B> South West Africa <BR> 1939-1990 </B></A></font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "3" cellspace="5" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" valign = "top" align = "center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"> <font size = "3" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"> EXTERNAL <BR> FILES </font></TD> <TD width = "700" valign = "top" align = "left" bgcolor = "#FFFACD"> <font size = "2" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "3" cellspace="5" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" valign = "top" align = "center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"> <font size = "3" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"> DOCUMENTS </font></TD> <TD width = "700" valign = "top" align = "left" bgcolor = "#FFFACD"> <font size = "2" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"> United Nations in the Struggle Against Apartheid, Documents 1946-1994, from <A HREF = "http://www.anc.org.za/un/"><B>anc.org</B></A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "3" cellspace="5" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" valign = "top" align = "center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"> <font size = "2" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"> REFERENCE </font></TD> <TD width = "700" valign = "top" align = "left" bgcolor = "#FFFACD"> <font size = "2" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"> Long Walk to Freedom : <A HREF = "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316548189/"><B>The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela</B></A>, 1995, 625 pp. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border="5" cellspace="10" cellpadding="10" align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><TR> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="center"> <font size = "3" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"><i>This page is part of <B>World History at KMLA</b></i></font><BR> <font size = "2" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"><i>First posted on July 16th 2001, last revised on November 14th 2004</i></font> <BR><BR> <font size = "2" face = "Times Roman"> Click here to go <A HREF = "../../index.html">Home</A> <BR> Click here to go to <A HREF = "../../about.html">Information about KMLA, WHKMLA, the author and webmaster</A> <BR> Click here to go to <A HREF = "../../links.html">Statistics</A><BR> </TD></TR></TABLE><BR><BR><BR> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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