ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : History of the Early Cold War : Indo-Pakistani Wars </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2001 --> </head> <body bgcolor = "lightgreen"> <div align = "center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../banner.jpg" border = "0"> </A></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Cold War Propaganda </B></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "cwprop.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </A></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "xecw.html"> <img src = "../banners/banecw.jpg" border = "0"> </A></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "arabisr.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"></A> </TD> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Arab-Israeli Wars </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR><BR> <script language="JavaScript"> <!-- function SymError() { return true; } window.onerror = SymError; //--> </script> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- google_ad_client = "pub-0213752126925919"; google_alternate_color = "FFFFE1"; google_ad_width = 728; google_ad_height = 90; google_ad_format = "728x90_as"; google_ad_channel ="4814426207"; google_ad_type = "text"; google_page_url = document.location; google_color_border = "FF3300"; google_color_bg = "FFFFE1"; google_color_link = "0000CC"; google_color_url = "008000"; google_color_text = "6F6F6F"; //--></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <BR><BR><BR> </div> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "900" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "6" face = "arial"><B> Indo-Pakistani Wars </B></font> </TD></TR></TABLE><BR> <BR><BR> <font size = "4" face = "Times Roman"> In 1947 Britain released its colony of British India into independence - as two separate states, Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan, a partition rejected by many Hindus. PAKISTAN was formed of the provinces with a clear Muslim population majority - Punjab, Kashmir, Sindh (P,K,S), which were joined by the larger part of Bengal, East Pakistan. <BR> The British had ruled over less than half of the Indian subcontinent; the other half was made up of Indian principalities. Neither the Republic of India nor Pakistan were willing to tolerate the continued existance of these feudal entities, which had been indirectly ruled by the British; the Rajahs resp. populations were asked to opt for either India or Pakistan. The Rajah of Hyderabad refused, hoped to save the independence of his principality - and saw it conquered by the Indian army. A major problem occurred in KASHMIR, as the population, overwhelmingly Muslim, opted for Pakistan, while the Rajah, a Hindu, opted for India. Both the armies of India and Pakistan invaded, the province was partitioned. <BR> While the British were still in India, the first clashes occurred between Hindus and Muslims. Millions of refugees fled their homeland, about 7 million Muslims from the Republic of India into Pakistan, about 8 million non-Muslims from Pakistan into the Republic of India. The clashes, the exodus of millions and the confrontation over Kashmir triggered the FIRST INDO-PAKISTANI WAR (1947-1948). Here, similar as in the Israeli-Arab war of 1948, both sides, being recently granted independence, had no experience in running a state, an army and a war. <BR><BR> While Islam had a long history in India, Pakistan was an artificial creation, as was the Republic of India. In fact, the Indian subcontinent, never in recorded history, had been united in one state. Actually, India even has about 50 major languages, a host of different scripts. Yet India had a common tradition, the main element of which was religion and epic literature, which appeared in many forms, the main one being Brahmanism/ Hinduism, with varieties/offsprings including Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism. Brahmanism still has a significant impact on India in the CASTE STRUCTURE imposed on it. <BR> Islam, although it arrived in India in the 8th century A.D., was regarded by many Indians as an element alien to the subcontinent; emerging Hindu nationalism rejected the partition of the subcontinent and dominating Muslim influence, even over only a part of it. Some Hindus felt betrayed by the British, who had permitted this partition to happen. Pakistan regarded itself in a struggle for its own survival, felt betrayed by the Republic of India in the case of Kashmir, and by the world for not responding to its calls for neutral arbitration. Neither side saw the truce of 1948 as a final decision; neither side was willing to trust the other. The Republic of India and Pakistan regarded each other as archenemy, both countries pursued a policy of armament (to prepare for the next conflict), of diplomatically trying to gain allies and isolate the other, a research policy of intending to gain a military advantage over the other side. <BR><BR> The SECOND INDO-PAKISTANI WAR over Kashmir broke out in 1965. Again, a truce was signed on the basis of the status quo ante. In 1971 a strong movement in East Pakistan declared independence as BANGLA DESH, and the Republic of Indie immediately supported it; the THIRD INDO-PAKISTANI WAR erupted; Bangla Desh broke away from Pakistan (and lost subsidies from the latter, thus becoming one of the world's poorest nations). <BR><BR> Kashmir is still partitioned (a third part being occupied by China); the Indian-occupied part of Kashmir still has a significant Muslim population (India, overall, has a Muslim minority of about 40 million). As many Kashmir Muslims are suspected of sympathizing with Pakistan, police presence in Indian-held Kashmir is very visible. <BR> When China and the USSR took a hostile attitude toward each other in 1968, Pakistan allied itself with China (india's enemy since 1960) and India with the USSR. <BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "3" cellspace="5" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" valign = "top" align = "center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"> <font size = "3" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"> EXTERNAL <BR> FILES </font></TD> <TD width = "700" valign = "top" align = "left" bgcolor = "#FFFACD"> <font size = "2" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"> Library of Congress, Country Studies : <A HREF = "http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html"><B>Pakistan</B></A>, <A HREF = "http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html"><B>India</B></A> <BR> India-Pakistan Wars, by <A HREF = "http://www.geocities.com/thalsena/index.htm"><B>T. Halsena</B></A> <BR> Links to the Indo-Pakistani Wars, from <A HREF = "http://www.simonides.org/links/wars/india-pakistan/india-pakistan.html"><B>Simonides Warzone</B></A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "3" cellspace="5" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" valign = "top" align = "center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"> <font size = "3" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"> DOCUMENTS </font></TD> <TD width = "700" valign = "top" align = "left" bgcolor = "#FFFACD"> <font size = "2" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"> Documents Related to Jammu and Kashmir, by <A HREF = "http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/sasia.htm"><B>Vincent Ferraro</B></A> at Mt. Holyoke <BR> Documents related to India's foreign relations, from <A HREF = "http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/india.htm"><B>Mt. Holyoke</B></A> <BR> Documents related to Pakistan's foreign relations, from <A HREF = "http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pakistan.htm"><B>Mt. Holyoke</B></A> <BR> Kashmir, Historical Documents, from the <A HREF = "http://www.pakpowerpage.com/kashmir/historical-documents.htm"><B>Pakistan Power Page</B></A>, mainly UN resolutions on Kashmir 1948-1971 <BR> Important Historical Documents About Jammu & Kashmir, from <A HREF = "http://www.angelfire.com/ak2/akakroo/documents.htm"><B>Kakroo Infosystems</B></A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "3" cellspace="5" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" valign = "top" align = "center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"> <font size = "2" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"> REFERENCE </font></TD> <TD width = "700" valign = "top" align = "left" bgcolor = "#FFFACD"> <font size = "2" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border="5" cellspace="10" cellpadding="10" align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><TR> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="center"> <font size = "3" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"><i>This page is part of <B>World History at KMLA</b></i></font><BR> <font size = "2" face = "Times Roman" color = "#000000"><i>First posted on July 27th 2001, last revised on November 14th 2004</i></font> <BR><BR> <font size = "2" face = "Times Roman"> Click here to go <A HREF = "../../index.html">Home</A> <BR> Click here to go to <A HREF = "../../about.html">Information about KMLA, WHKMLA, the author and webmaster</A> <BR> Click here to go to <A HREF = "../../links.html">Statistics</A><BR> </TD></TR></TABLE><BR><BR><BR> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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