ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Timelines : Ottoman Syria, 1517-1918 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2005-2007 --> </head> <body bgcolor="grey" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Syria <BR> Index Page </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../region/arabworld/xsyria.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "xsyria.html"> <img src = "../banners/bansyria.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../histatlas/arabworld/haxsyria.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Historical Atlas <BR> Syria Page </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on March 19th 2005, last revised on October 28th 2006</i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <script language="JavaScript"> <!-- function SymError() { return true; } window.onerror = SymError; //--> </script> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- google_ad_client = "pub-5834279270464755"; google_alternate_color = "FFFFE1"; google_ad_width = 728; google_ad_height = 90; google_ad_format = "728x90_as"; google_ad_channel ="4814426207"; google_ad_type = "text"; //2007-02-17: MIT_ Ganse google_ad_channel = "0420158018"; google_color_border = "FF3300"; google_color_bg = "FFFFE1"; google_color_link = "0000CC"; google_color_url = "008000"; google_color_text = "6F6F6F"; //--></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Timeline : Ottoman Syria, 1517-1918 </B></font> </TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Note : Syria, as a state, was established by the French colonial administration in the aftermath of World War I. Before, the term described a geographical region comprising of modern Syria, the Turkish regions of Hatay, Adana, the Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1516 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Syria (hitherto part of Mamluk Empire) conquered by Ottomans; Modern Syria divided in <BR> the Vilayets of Aleppo, Damascus and Tripoli <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1535 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Franco-Ottoman Treaty, which granted semiautonomous status to christians within the Ottoman Empire and implied France as a protector of the Ottoman christians <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1623 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Fakhr ad Din al Mani defeated Ottoman governor of Damascus in Battle of Anjar <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1634 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Ottomans ceded control over Vilayet of Damascus to Mount Lebanon warlord Fakhr ad Din al Mani <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1635 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Fakhr ad Din al Mani defeated, executed <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1755 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> French Lazarist monks opened first mision school in Damascus <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1763 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Ottoman occupation of Beirut <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1771 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Damascus captured by Egyptians <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1799 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Napoleon besieged Acre <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1822 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Aleppo severely damaged by an earthquake <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1831-1840 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Syria under Egyptian rule; a number of reforms introduced <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1834 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Damascus revolted against Egyptian rule <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1834 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> British Consulate in Damascus opened <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1835 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The arrival of steamships in the Eastern Mediterranean resulted in an increase in trade <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1840 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Ottoman Tanzimat reforms began to have an impact; equality in front of the law granted to religious minorities was resented by the Muslim community <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1841 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Prussia, England established a Protestant diocesis seated in Jerusalem <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1858 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Jerusalem began to grow beyond its city wall <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1858 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Ottoman Land Code; land property had to be registered <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1860 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Maronite, Druze Rebellion in Mount Lebanon region <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1860 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Anti-Christian riots in Damascus <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1861 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Mount Lebanon detached from Syria, made a separate administrative unit <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1861 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Damascus connected with Istanbul by telegraph cable <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1861 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Damascus connected with Istanbul by telegraph cable <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1864 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Govt. printing press established in Damascus <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1865 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> First newspaper in Syria printed <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1868 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Syrian Protestant College established in Beirut (now American University) <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1872 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Jerusalem became seat of a Mutesarrif <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1875 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Beirut got modern waterworks <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1877 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Russian-Ottoman War caused increased taxation in Syria <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1881-1882 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Anti-Semitic pogroms in Russia triggered the beginning of significant Jewish immigration into Palestine (began in 1840) <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1888 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Vilayet of Beirut established <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1888 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Beirut supplied with gas <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1892 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Road connecting Jerusalem with Jaffa constructed <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1893 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A fire destroyed the Great Mosque in Damascus <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1894 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A modern harbour was constructed in Beirut <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1895 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Construction of railway line Damascus-Rayek; in 1906 Rayek-Aleppo <BR </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1895 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Construction of railway Beirut-Damascus <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1896-1914 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Salafism - Reform Movement lead by Ulama <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1900-1908 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Construction of Railroad Damascus-Medina <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1914-1918 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> World War I; Ottoman Empire sided with Central Powers <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1916 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Sykes-Picot Agreement foresaw partition of Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire between Britain, France; Syria to be allocated to France <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1918 <BR> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Arab Revolt liberated Damascus <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Click here for the history of <A HREF = "tlsyria.html">Syria</A>, <A HREF = "tllebanon.html">Lebanon</A>, <A HREF = "tljordan.html">Jordan</A> since 1918 </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR> </div><div align = "center"> <script language="JavaScript"> <!-- function SymError() { return true; } window.onerror = SymError; //--> </script> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- google_ad_client = "pub-0213752126925919"; google_alternate_color = "FFFFE1"; google_ad_width = 728; google_ad_height = 90; google_ad_format = "728x90_as"; google_ad_channel ="4814426207"; google_ad_type = "text"; google_color_border = 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