History by Country . A . B . C . D . E . F . G . HI . JK . L . M . N . OP . QR . S . TUV . WXYZ

Lebanon

Turkey

First posted on July 5th 2002; last revised on February 14th 2009

WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES

Country Profiles

from BBC Country Profiles; from World Desk Reference ; from Nations Encyclopedia; from Wikipedia; from Wikipedia French edition, from CIA World Factbook, countries - Syria Library of Congress, Country Studies : Syria Encyclopedia of the Orient : Syria

Links, General

from Library of Congress, Portals to the World; from BUBL; from Hejleh Category : Syria, from Wikipedia; Categorie : Syrie, from Wikipedia French edition

Links, on History

from Virtual Library History Category : History of Syria, from Wikipedia; Categorie : Histoire de la Syrie, from Wikipedia French edition

Historical Maps

click here Atlas of Syria, from Wikimedia Commons

Timelines

click here for Syria since 1918, Ottoman Syria, at this site from BBC News; from timelines.ws

Accounts of History

Article History of Syria, from Wikipedia; Histoire de la Syrie, from Wikipedia French edition; from Global Security from Crime and Society. A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World (Robert Winslow) Brief History of Modern Syria, from Damascus Online

Encyclopedia Entries

Syrian Encyclopedia, from Damascus Online Entry Latakia, from Footnotes to History, by James L. Erwin Articles Syria, Aleppo, Deir ez Zor, Damascus, Latakia, Homs, Hejaz Railway, Druses, Maronites, from EB 1911 Articles Syria, Aleppo, Damascus, Emesa (Homs), Melchites, Maronites, Druzes, West Syrian Rite (Jacobites), from Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912) Articles Syria, Aleppo, Damascus, from Jewish Encyclopedia (1901-1906) Articles Syrien, Aleppo, Ladikieh (Latakia), Homs, Hama, Damaskus, Hauran, Drusen, Maroniten, Melchiten, Nestorianer, from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German J. Chr. Nelkenbrecher, Allgemeines Taschenbuch der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichtskunde für Banquiers und Kaufleute (General Manual on Coinage, Measurement and Weights, for Bankers and Merchants) Berlin 1832, in German, entries Aleppo, Damaskus, posted by DTBSWS

Politics

Political Resources on the Net : Syria; Governments on the WWW : Syria; Article Politics of Syria, from Wikipedia; Syria Profile, from International Crisis Group

Military

click here Article L'Armee d l'Air Syrienne, Campagne de Moyen-Orient, Massacre de Hama, from Encyclopedia Française Article Military History of Syria, from Wikipedia Syria's Nuclear Program (2007), Syria - Overview, Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Air Force, from Global Security Orders, Decorations and Medals : Syria, from World Medals, by Jean Paul Leblanc

Economy & Finances

Global Currency History : Syria Article Economy of Syria, from Wikipedia; Syria - Economy, from Global Security Syria's Oil Industry, from Source Watch

Ethnography

Languages of Syria (15), from Ethnologue Worldwide Refugee Information : Syria, from U.S. Committee for Refugees Forced Migration Online Research Guides : Palestinian Refugees in Syria Syria, from Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples : Syria Circassians in Syria, from Adyghe Ektob Article Langue de Turoyo, from Encyclopedie Française Article Syrian Turkmen, Armenians in Syria, Kurds in Syria, Greeks in Syria, Iraqis in Syria, from Wikipedia History of Immigration from Syria, from Origins. Immigration Communities in Victoria

Religion

Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Syria, from Kirken i Norge (article missing) Overview of Religious History of Syria, from EWTH Article Alawites, from Encyclopedia of the Orient The Franciscans in Syria, from Christus Rex Article Melkite Greek Catholic Church, from Wikipedia Armenian Churches in Asia : Syria, from Armeniapedia Article Druze, from Wikipedia Article Les Druzes, from Wikipedia (French edition) Article Druze, from Encyclopedia of the Orient International Religious Freedom Report 2003 : Syria, from U.S. Department of State History of the Jews in Syria, from Wikipedia; The Jews of Syria, from Jewish Virtual History Tour

History of Regions

see History of Alawite Territory / Latakia, History of Jebel Druze at this site Article : Levant, from Encyclopedie Française Provinces of Syria, from www.statoids.com Article Hauran, from Wikipedia

History of Cities

History of Damascus, from Damascus Online, from Wikipedia History of Aleppo, from Wikipedia Article Homs, from Encyclopedia of theOrient Article Hama, from Encyclopedia of the Orient Article Latakia, from Encyclopedia of the Orient

Institutions

History of Damascus University, from Damascus Online Syria, from Airline History Category : Rail Transport in Syria, from Wikipedia Structurae : Syria; search Lighthouse Explorer for Syria

Bibliographies

Search ISBN Database for Syria Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde (Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies), keywords Syrien, Syria (site in German, most titles listed in English; hundreds of entries; publications mostly since 1970) Search RHS Bibliography for Syria Search UK National Archive Online Library for Syria

Biographies

List of Syrians, from Wikipedia Liste des Syriens, from Encyclopedie Française Executions Today : Syria

Culture

Online Books on the History of Syrian Architecture, posted by ArchNet

Others

Alcohol and Drugs History Society : Syria Syria, from Crime and Society. A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World (Robert Winslow) Disaster History by Country : Syria, fromRelief Web Palearctic Ecoregion, from WWF Article Syria at the Olympics, from Wikipedia

WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS

Lists of Statesmen

from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon); from Rulers (B. Schemmel); from Regnal Chronologies; from World Rulers (E. Schulz, illustrated) Liste des Presidents de la Syrie, Liste des Premiers Ministres de la Syrie, from Encyclopedia Française

Lists of Ambassadors

List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Syria, from Wikipedia; U.S. Ambassadors to Syria, from NNDB; Chinese Ambassadors to Syria, from PRC MOFA; Liste der Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Damaskus (Syrien), from Wikipedia German edition

Population Figures

Historical Population Statistics, Syria, from Population Statistics at Univ. Utrecht City Population : Syria, from City Population

Online Newspapers

links from Online Newspapers, from World Newspapers

Documents

Documents on Syria (1916-), from Damascus Online Records of Syria 1918-1973, published by Archive Editions List of Ratifications of International Labour Conventions by Syria, from ILO, 47 docs. since 1947 Internet Law Library : Syria; Constitution, from ICL Siria, from Archivio delle Costituzioni Storiche (1930 French language) Souvenirs d'un carriere militaire, celle de Louis Eugene Coustilliere (Memoirs of a Military Career, that of L.E. Coustilliere), in French, contains documents 1919-1930, mainly on 1926 Medaille Commemoratif de Syrie Cilicie, from Medaille Decoration, text in French Damascus Post Archive, from World News Network Peace Agreements Digital Collection : Syria, from United States Institute of Peace Search Prassi Italiana di Dirito Internazionale, Indice delle leggi e degli altri atti normativi, for Siria, 40 entries, in Italian Syria Documents, from Central Archive for the History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem Search Hansard for Syria Search Papers Past for Syria (New Zealand Newspapers 1839-1920)

Election Results

from Psephos; from IFES Election Guide (since 1998) Elections and Electoral Systems around the world : Syria, from Area Studies, at Keele

Archives, Musea, Libraries

Al Assad National Library Search U.K. National Archives for Syria Search Cambridge Archive Editions for Syria

National Symbols

Flag, from FOTW; Coat of Arms, from International Civic Heraldry; National Anthem, from National Anthems Net

Coins, Banknotes

Banknotes of Syria, from World Currency Museum, from Ron Wise's World Paper Money Coins ofIslamic Dynasties, from Zeno, click Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid, Ayyubid, Mameluk, Ottoman etc. Coin Catalog of Syria, from Numismaticon; Coins from Syria, from World Coin Gallery; Syria, from Encyclopedia of Small Silver Coins

Stamps

Rare Syria Stamps, from Sandafayre Stamp Gallery; Fr. Levant 1885-, Ile Rouad, Syria Stamps 1919; Alexandrette, from Stamps Catalogue 1840-1920 by Evert Klaseboer

Others

License Plates, from Francoplaque, from License Plates of the World Historic Picture Postcards, from Postcardman, commercial site Airline Timetable Images : Syria

PRINTED REFERENCE

Online Libraries

Gutenberg Library Online, keyword Syria, Palestine, Damascus

On the Middle East

Ritchie Ovendale, The Longman Companion to the Middle East since 1914, London etc.: Longman 1994 [G]

General Accounts

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Macropaedia, Vol.28, pp.361-374 Article Syria. KMLA Lib.Sign. R 032 B862h v.28 Ph.K. Hitti, Syria A Short History (1959), posted on Internet Archive

Specific Periods

David Dean Commins, Islamic Reform. Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria. Oxford : UP 1990 [G] Chapter 5 : The Arab Struggle for Independence, pp.70-91; 6 : The Second World War, pp.92-104, 7 : Post-War Unsettlement, pp.105-113, in : Peter Mansfield, The Ottoman Empire and its Successors, London : MacMillan (1973) 1976 [G] Daniel Pipes, Greater Syria. The History of an Ambition, Oxford : UP 1990, KMLA Lib.Sign. 956 P665g A. Ruppin, Syria : an economic survey (1918), posted on Internet Archive Ch. Napier, The War in Syria (1842), vol.1, vol.2, posted on Internet Archive U.S. Army, A short guide to Syria (1943), posted on Internet Archive H. Belloc, The Battleground, Syria and Palestine (1936), posted on Internet Archive K. Baedeker, Palestine and Syria: Handbook for Travellers (1894), posted on Internet Archive G.M. Wortabet, Syria and the Syrians; or, Turkey in the dependencies (1856), posted on Internet Archive

Minorities

Kais M. Firro, A History of the Druzes, Handbuch der Orientalistik (Handbook of Oriental Studies), supplemental volume no.9, Leiden : Brill 1992, in English [G] F.J. Bliss, The Religions Of Modern Syria And Palestine (1912), posted on Internet Archive B.H. Springett, Secret Sects Of Syria And The Lebanon (1922), posted on Internet Archive

Historical Dictionaries

David Commins, Historical Dictionary of Syria, Lanham Md : Scarecrow 1996, 299 pp. [G] Articles : Assyria pp.47-50, in : James Minahan, Nations without States, A Historical Dictionary of Contemporary National Movements, Westport CT : Greenwood 1996 [G]