Ottoman Empire | Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo |
From 395 to 1071, Anatolia had been part of the Byzantine Empire. In the Battle of Mantzikert 1071,
Seljuk forces decisively defeated the Byzantine Army and opened Anatolia up for Seljuk raids amd settlement. The Seljuk Sultanate temporarily extended from the Chinese border to the Aegean Sea. It then broke apart; Anatolia came under the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (1077-1307, sometimes called Sultanate of Konya, after its capital). The Seljuks were a federation of Muslim Turkic and Turkoman tribes, held together by a common dynasty of rulers. Tribal leaders nominally under the sovereignty of the Sultanate temporarily formed states of their own, fighting wars on their ownm issued their own coinage; one of the more important such dynasties were the Danishmends (1071-1178, capital Sivas). Meanwhile, the Byzantine Empire had held on to coastal regions and adjacent islands. The conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204 resulted in the disintegration of the Byzantine Empire. The core now was held by the Latin Empire (1204-1261). In the northeast, the Empire of Trebizond (until 1468), in the Southeast the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (until 1375) gained political independence. The Empire of Nicaea was to liberate Constantinople in 1261 and to restore the Byzantine Empire. In the Battle of Kose Dag 1243, the Seljuks were defeated by the Mongols and the Sultanate of Rum became a vassall of the Il-Khanate. In the 14th century, the Il-Khanate disintegrated, and so did the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum. Now Muslim Turkish/Turkoman beyliks emerged, in part as fragments of the Sultanate of Rum, such as Karaman and Germiyan, in part carved out of hitherto Byzantine territory, such as Karasi, Aydin, Menteshe, and the historically most important one - that of the Osmans, better known as the Ottoman Turks. The Ottoman Turks began, by the means of conquest, to form an Empire on both sides of the Dardanelles. By 1380 they had conquered all of western and central Anatolia. Timur Lenk in 1402 destroyed the Ottoman Army in the Battle of Ankara; Ottoman Anatolia was again divided in beyliks. The Timurid Empire was of short duration. The Ottoman Empire, by 1430, had recovered much of her former territory in Anatolia. One beylik which held out for some time was Karaman (until 1483). The Ottoman conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo in 1517 and of Eastern Anatolia (Safavid since 1508, before held by the Aq Qoyunlu) in the early 16th century completed the unification of Anatolia under Ottoman rule. |
E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
Biography | Others |
D o c u m e n t s |
Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
Country Profiles | Modern |
Article : History of Anatolia, from Wikipedia |
Historical |
Links |
Category : Anatolian Beyliks, from Wikipedia |
Historical Dictionaries |
Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World : Asia Minor (EHW) |
Timelines |
Timeline Anatolia and the Caucasus 1000-1400,
1400-1600, from Metropolitan Museum of Art Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, from Wikipedia |
Accounts of History | General, Modern |
Article : History of Anatolia : After the Turkic Migration,
from Wikipedia History of Anatolia 1075-1318, from Mehmet Eti, Anatolian Coins, in Turkish |
General, Historical |
Specific Periods | Sultanate of Rum |
Article : Sultanate of Rum, from Wikipedia K. Branning, History of the Anatolian Seljuks, 2001 Article : The Saljuqs of Rum, from Encyclopaedia Iranica |
Anatolian Beyliks |
Article : Anatolian Beyliks, from Wikipedia |
Historiography |
Review of D. Gurpinar,
The Seljuks of Rum in Turkish Republican Nationalist Historiography, 2004, from MEDIEVALISTS.NET |
Military |
Wars of the Ottoman Empire : Anatolia, at WHKMLA |
Economy & Finances |
M. Önge, Caravanserais as Symbols of Power in Seljuk Anatolia, 2007 Seljuk Tiles and Ceramics, from Turkish Cultural Foundation Turkish Clothing : History, from Turkish Cultural Foundation Anatolian Carpet, from Turkish Cultural Foundation Trade, from K. Branning, The Seljuk Han of Anatolia |
Social History |
Ethnography | 1300-1914 |
Appearance of Turks in Anatolia, in Article :
Turkification, from Wikipedia Article : Pontic Greeks, Laz People, from Wikipedia Martin van Bruinessen, |
Religion |
D. Zeidan, The Alevi of Anatolia, Meria 1999 Molly McAnailly Burke, Jewish History in Anatolia Index for Abraham Galante's Jews of Turkey, from SephardicGen Üzeyir Özyurt, The Language of Kilim in Anatolia |
History of Regions | Geographical Regions | Cilicia/Cukurova |
William Burckhardt Barker, Lares and penates: or, Cilicia and its governors,
being a short historical account of that province from the earliest times until the present day, 1853, GB |
Christian States | Armenian Kgd. of Cilicia |
Article : Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, from Wikipedia Sirarpie Der Necessian, The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia 1962, IA A. Vrtanesyan, A. Akopian, Armenian Cilicia, from Oriental Coin Database Mehmet Eti, Coins of the Kingdom of Cilicia Armenia G. Vandervort, Ancient Armenian Coins : The Cilician Kingdom Medieval Cilicia, by Tom Oberhofer Cilician Armenia, 11th-14th Century, from Armenian_History.com R. Bedrosian, Smbat Sparapet's Chronicle, composed in Armenian Cilicia, covers 951-1272 Article : Catholicosate of Cilicia, from OrthodoxWiki List of Monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, from Wikipedia |
Knights Hospitaller |
The Knights Hospitaller held Smyrna in 1204 and from 1344 to 1402 Article : Izmir : Smyrna becomes Izmir, from Wikipedia |
Empire of Trebizond |
Article : Empire of Trebizond, from Wikipedia J.P. Fallmerayer, Geschichte des Kaiserthums von Trapezunt, 1827, in German, GB Trebizond Empire Coins, from Oriental Coins Database The Comnenian Empire of Trebizond, 1204-1468, from wegm.com (Coins) Coat of Arms, from WappenWiki |
Muslim States | Ahis [c.1290-1354, 1361-1362] |
Article : Ahis, from Wikipedia |
Ahlatshahs [1080-1207] |
Article : Ahlatshahs, from Wikipedia |
Alaiye [1293-1471] |
Article : Alaiye, from Wikipedia Alanya Amirs, from J.R. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins Eron Coins, in Turkish; click : Anadolu Beylikleri : Alaiye Beyligi |
Artuqids [1102-1231] |
Article : Artiqids, from Wikipedia Artukids, from J.R. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins Artriqids, from Anatolian Coins |
Aydin [-1390, 1402-1425] |
Article : Aydinids, from Wikipedia Entry : Aidin, p.758 in vol.2 of A.L. Koeppen, The world in the Middle Ages: an historical geography, 1856, trsl. from the German, GB Aydin, from J.R. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins Eron Coins, in Turkish; click : Anadolu Beylikleri : Aydinogullari Aydinogullari 1308-1426, from Anatolian Coins, in Turkish |
Canik [-1460] |
Article : Beyliks of Canik, from Wikipedia |
Chobanid Beylik [-1309] |
Article : Chobanids, from Wikipedia Eron Coins, in Turkish; click : Anadolu Beylikleri : Çobanogullari |
Danishmend [1071-1178] |
Article : Danishmends, from Wikipedia Oriental Coins Database : Danishmendid Danishmendids, from Anatolian Coins |
Dilmac [c.1120-c.1410] |
Article : Beylik of Dilmaç, from Wikipedia |
Dulkadirids [1339-1521] |
Article : Dulkadirids, from Wikipedia Eron Coins, in Turkish; click : Anadolu Beylikleri : Dulkadirogullari |
Eretnids [1335-1381] |
Articles : Eretnids,
Kadi Burhan-al-Din [-1399] from Wikipedia Eretnids, from J.R. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins Eron Coins, in Turkish; click : Anadolu Beylikleri : Eretnabeyligi |
Eshrefids [1280-1326] |
Article : Eshrefids, from Wikipedia Esrefogullari 1280-1326, from Anatolian Coins, in Turkish |
Erzincan [1380-1410] |
Article : Beylik of Erzincan, from Wikipedia |
Germiyan [1380-1410] |
Article : Germiyanids, from Wikipedia Entry : Kermian, p.759 in vol.2 of A.L. Koeppen, The world in the Middle Ages: an historical geography, 1856, trsl. from the German, GB Germiyan, from J.R. Roberts, Medieval Islamic Coins Germiyan Beylik, from Eron Coins, in Turkish Germiyanogullari 1300-1429, from Anatolian Coins, in Turkish |
Hamidids [1301-1423] |
Article : Hamidids, from Wikipedia Entry : Hamid, p.759 in vol.2 of A.L. Koeppen, The world in the Middle Ages: an historical geography, 1856, trsl. from the German, GB Eron Coins, in Turkish; click : Anadolu Beylikleri : Hamidogullari |
Beylik of Inal [c.1100] |
Article : Beylik of Inal, from Wikipedia Inalids, from J.R. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins |
Isfendiyarids [1291-1461] |
Article : Isfendiyarids, from Wikipedia Entry : Kastamuni, pp.759-760 in vol.2 of A.L. Koeppen, The world in the Middle Ages: an historical geography, 1856, trsl. from the German, GB Isfandiyarids, from J.R. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins |
Karaman [1250-1487] |
F. Beaufort, Karamania, 1817, GB Article : Karamanids, from Wikipedia Entry : Karaman, p.759 in vol.2 of A.L. Koeppen, The world in the Middle Ages: an historical geography, 1856, trsl. from the German, GB Karaman Museum, from Go Turkey Qaramanids, from J.R. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins Eron Coins, in Turkish; click : Anadolu Beylikleri : Karamanogullari Karamanogullari 1256-1483, from Anatolian Coins, in Turkish |
Karasids [1299-1361] |
Article : Karasids, from Wikipedia Entry : Karasi, p.758 in vol.2 of A.L. Koeppen, The world in the Middle Ages: an historical geography, 1856, trsl. from the German, GB Eron Coins, in Turkish; click : Anadolu Beylikleri : Karesiogullari |
Ladik [1261-1368] |
Article : Beylik of Ladik, from Wikipedia |
Mengujekids [1080-1228] |
Article : Mengujekids, from Wikipedia Mangujakids, from Anatolian Coins |
Mentese [1260-1424] |
Article : Mentese, from Wikipedia Entry : Mentesche, p.758 in vol.2 of A.L. Koeppen, The world in the Middle Ages: an historical geography, 1856, trsl. from the German, GB Eron Coins, in Turkish; click : Anadolu Beylikleri : Menteseogullari |
Pervaneoglu [1261-1321] |
Article : Pervaneoglu, from Wikipedia |
Ramazan [1352-1517] |
Article : Ramadanids, from Wikipedia Eron Coins, in Turkish; click : Anadolu Beylikleri : Ramazanogullari |
Sahib Ataids [c.1275-1341] |
Article : Sahib Ataids, from Wikipedia |
Saltukids [1071-1202] |
Article : Saltukids, from Wikipedia Salduqids of Erzurum, from J.R. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins Salduqids, from Anatolian Coins |
Sarukhanids [c.1300-1410] |
Article : Sarukhanids, from Wikipedia Entry : Ssarukhan, p.758 in vol.2 of A.L. Koeppen, The world in the Middle Ages: an historical geography, 1856, trsl. from the German, GB Eron Coins, in Turkish; click : Anadolu Beylikleri : Saruhanogullari |
Teke [1321-1423] |
Article : Beylik of Teke, from Wikipedia Entry : Tekieh or Tekke, pp.758-759 in vol.2 of A.L. Koeppen, The world in the Middle Ages: an historical geography, 1856, trsl. from the German, GB |
Tzachas [1081-1095] |
Article : Tzachas, from Wikipedia |
Local History |
Ankara, from Wikipedia,
Article : Trabzon : Ancient and Medieval, from Wikipedia Article : Adana : History, from Wikipedia History of Ephesus : Turks in Ayasuluk, from Selçuk-Ephesus Medieval Gordion, from Gordion : Historical Overview Article : Izmir : Smyrna becomes Izmir, from Wikipedia Article : Antalya : History, from Wikipedia Article : Konya : Seljuk Era, from Wikipedia Article : Erzerum : Middle Ages, from Wikipedia Article : Sivas : Ancient and Medieval, from Wikipedia Article : Sinop : History, from Wikipedia |
Institutions |
Culture |
Islamic Art : The Seljuks of Rum, from The David Collection
Seljuk Decorative Art, from K. Branning, The Seljuk Han of Anatolia The Art of the Seljuq Period in Anatolia (1081-1307), from Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Article : Seljuk Architecture : Anatolian Seljuk Architecture , from Wikipedia A. Kuran, Anatolian-Seljuk Architecture B. Bakir, I. Basagaoglu, How Medical Functions Shaped Architecture in Anatolian Seljuk Darüssifas (hospitals) and especially in the Divrigi Turan Malik Darüssifa, 2006 Seljuk Architecture and Urbanism in Anatolia, from EAHN |
Biographies |
Others |
WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
Documents | Image Databanks |
Turkey, from Images of Asia |
Archival Deposits |
Constitutions, Laws |
Document Collections |
Historical Maps | Modern, Wider Context |
Euratlas Periodis : Europe in the Year
1100,
1200,
1300,
1400,
1500 Eastern Hemisphere Maps : 1100 AD, 1200 AD, 1300 AD, 1400 AD, 1400 AD, by Thomas Lessman |
Modern, on Anatolia |
Explore Byzantium : 1092,
1143,
1218,
1350,
1453 Maps : Anatolia 1097, Anatolia 1200, Anatolia 1300, Eastern Mediterranean 1450, from Wikipedia Maps : Latin Empire (prior to 1225), Byzantine Empire 1265, from Wikimedia Commons Map : Anatolian Beyliks, from Wikipedia (14th Century) Map : Esrefogullari, from Wikipedia Map : Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 1190, from Wikipedia |
Modern, Detail |
Map : Cilician Armenia 1199-1375, from Wikipedia Map : Kingdom of Kilikian Armenia, 1199-1375, from Armenica |
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
Religious |
Articles Smyrna,
Angora,
Trebizond,
Adana, from Catholic Encyclopedia Smyrne, pp.990-991 in Dictionnaire de Numismatique, vol.32 of Encyclopedie Theologique, 1832, in French, GB |
Economic |
Geographical |
Historical |
Adena, p.114,
Aidin, Aidinelli, p.186,
Ancyre, p.411, in vol.1 : A, 1740,
Erzerom, p.122 in vol.3 : Chei-E, 1740,
Sinope, p.295,
Trebisonde, p.206 in vol.8 : Seh-Z, 1740,
of L. Moreri, Le grand dictionaire historique, in French, GB Asiatic Turkey, pp.102-176 in D. Ramsay, Universal history Americanised, 1819, GB |
Travelogues |
Institutions | Archives |
Musea |
Karaman Museum, from Go Turkey |
Monuments |
Libraries |
Official Symbols | Coats of Arms |
Coins |
Oriental Coins Database : Seljuqs of Rum Anatolian Beyliks, 14th c., from J.R. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins Mehmet Eti, Anatolian Coins Numismata : David Ruckser, Coins of Cilician Armenia |
PRINTED REFERENCE |
Bibliographies | general |
on Anatolia |
Bibliography, from K. Branning, The Seljuk Han of Anatolia |
Online Libraries | general |
Google Books;
Internet Archives;
Gutenberg Library Online;
HathiTrust;
e-corpus Gallica |
on Anatolia |
Online Journals | full text online |
Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Mediterranee 1966-1999, Persee Oriental Herald 1-23, 1824-1829, GB Cahiers de la Mediterranee 2001- |
Table of Contents Online |
International Review of Turkish Studies |
General Accounts |
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Macropaedia, Vol.28, pp.920-972 Article Turkey and Ancient Anatolia. KMLA Lib.Sign. R 032 B862h v.28 Douglas A. Howard, The History of Turkey, Greenwood 2001, 272 pages; KMLA Lib.Sign. 956.1 H848h (focusses of the history of Anatolia) Halil Inalcik, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Vol.I : 1300-1600, Cambridge : UP 1994, KMLA Lib.Sign. 956.1015 135e v.1 Halil Inalcik and Donald Quataert (ed.), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Vol.2 : 1600-1914, Cambridge : UP 1994, KMLA Lib.Sign. 956.1015 135e v.2 Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth, Wissenschaftliche Länderkunden : Türkei (Country Studies : Turkey), Darmstadt : Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1982, in German [G] |
Specific Topics |