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Historical Armenia The Kingdom of Armenia was established c.600 B.C. Its core lay in the region to the south of the Caucasus Mountains. A client state of the Persian Empire from 550 to 330 B.C., during Hellenism Armenia regained her independence. In 301 A.D. Tiridates III. declared Christianity state religion, Armenia being the first country in the world to have done so. Conquered by the Sasanid Empire in 428 A.D. In the course of the establishment of the Caliphate, the Emirate/Principality of Armenia (established in 636) was able to maintain political autonomy. In 884 the Principality of Armenia gained independence. In the mid 11th century, the Principality saw several regions break away; Bagratid Armenia in 1045 was conquered by the Byzantine Empire. In 1071 Armenia was conquered by the Seljuk Turks. Now Armenian nobles established the Principality, later Kingdom of Armenia in Cilicia, (1080) 1199-1345. In Historical Armenia, the Zakarid Dynasty (1201-1330) was able to establish political autonomy. Historical Armenia suffered from a series of invasions, by Khwarizm Shah, the Mongols; in 1331 the Kara Koyunlu (Azeri Turks) took the Armenian capital of Ani and made it their own. Armenia between the Ottoman Empire and Persia, and the Armenian Diaspora From the early 16th century to the early 19th century, Historical Armenia was located on the (contested) border of the Ottoman Empire and Persia. Both empires were Muslim. The Armenians held on to their Christian religion, were tolerated, maintained a degree of autonomy (Ottoman millet system). The country was under the administration of Muslims; the Ottoman Empire was a kaleidoscope of ethnicities. While we have no statistical data for this period of time, it is safe to say that significant groups of non-Christian-Armenians lived in the Historical Armenia. On the other hand, Christian Armenians specializing in trade and moneylending settled in non-Armenian cities throughout the Ottoman Empire and Persia and beyond in cities of India, Central Asia, the Ukraine and Poland - the Armenian Diaspora. Armenia between the Ottoman Empire, Persia and Russia In the 19th century a new power began to establish itself in the region - Russia. It annexed the Khanates of Erivan and Karabakh from Persia. in 1813/1828, Kars and Ardahan from the Ottoman Empire in 1878. As these parts of Historical Armenia now were under the rule of Christian Russia, the Ottoman Empire went through the period of Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1878), aiming at the modernization of the empire. Armenians, no longer discriminated against by state policy, made the most out of the opportunities offered by a modern education system and the need of state bureaucracy for qualified personnel. When Sultan Abdulhamid II. pursued the policy of Hamidism, undermining the bureaucracy and civil society created by the Tanzimat Reforms, he saw in the Armenians scapegoats and he stirred up anti-Armenian pogroms. Meanwhile, an Armenian National Movement had emerged, thriving toward an Armenian nation state, and looking for the protection of Russia. When the Young Turks took control of the Ottoman Empire in 1908, aiming to transform the multiethnic Ottoman Empire into a Turkish nation state, they regarded claims of rival movements, most importantly that of the Armenians, on Anatolian territory, as a threat. When the Ottoman Empire entered World War I, the administration regarded the Armenian population (in the regions where it was most concentrated, Historical Armenia and Lesser Armenia) as potential collaborators with the enemy, and ordered their resettlement, an event which culminated in the Armenian Genocide, a term disputed by Turkish historians. In 1915 Russian forces conquered much of Historical Armenia, but in 1916 lost most of it again. Modern Armenia The events of 1915-1923 - Forced Relocation / Genocide, World War I and Turkish War of Independence, have resulted in the cleansing of Armenians of those parts of Historical and Lesser Armenia which became part of the Republic of Turkey (in present-day Turkey, Armenian Christians only are allowed to live in Istanbul). The term "Armenia" is applied to Russian Armenia (i.e. Erivan with Karabakh, as the USSR ceded Kars and Ardahan to Turkey). Russian Armenia briefly was independent 1918-1922, then part of the Transcaucasian SSR (1922-1936), then a separate Armenian SSR (1936-1991). Upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, (Russian) Armenia became independent. Supported by the Red Army, Armenia fought a war with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabagh (1991-1994). Relations with Turkey continue to be strained over the historical evaluation of the resettlement / genocide of 1915-1923, with Azerbaijan over the Karabakh issue. Modern Armenia is much smaller in size than Historical Armenia. For sources prior to 1918, the term Armenia has a much wider application than for sources using the name to describe Russian/Soviet/independent Armenia. Caucasus 1914-1918 Armenia 1918-1922 Historical Atlas : Western Asia Page |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles | Current |
Article : Armenia, from Wikipedia;
from Nations Encyclopedia;
CIA World Factbook : Armenia;
BBC Country Profile : Armenia;
World Reference Desk : Armenia;
Library of Congress, Country Studies : Armenia |
| Historical |
K. Koch, Die kaukasischen Länder und Armenien, 1855, in German, GB |
| Links | General |
from Library of Congress, Portals to the World;
from BUBL Category : Armenia, from Wikipedia Search MPRA for Armenia |
| on History |
Internet Resources of Armenian Studies : History, from Slavweb, click history Category : History of Armenia, from Wikipedia Armenian Photo Gallery (Armenian Pages) |
| Organizations |
National Academy of Science, Republic of Armenia, Institute of History The Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute Division of Armenology and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Armenian Institute, UK Society for Armenian Studies, American Historical Association National Association for Armenian Studies and Research (U.S.) Union of Armenian History Educators |
| Historical Dictionaries |
Armeniapedia Caucasian Knot Encyclopedia |
| Timelines |
Timeline, from BBC News;
from timelines.ws;
from Wikipedia |
| Accounts of History | Modern |
Article : History of Armenia, from Wikipedia History of Armenia, from armenian-history.com |
| Historical |
M. Chamich, History of Armenia: from B.C. 2247 to the year of Christ 1780
, 1827, GB; trsl. from the Armenian by J. Avdall J. Saint-Martin, Memoires historiques et geographiques sur l'Armenie vol.1 1818, vol.2, 1819, in French, GB V. von Schuberth, Kurze historische Darstellung des gegenwärtigen Zustandes des armenischen Volkes, 1831, in German, GB Hovhannes V., Histoire d"Armenie, 1841, in French, GB Moses of Khoren, Histoire d'Armenie, vol.2, 1841, in French, GB P.E. le Vaillant de Florival, Mekhitaristes de Saint-Lazare, histoire d'Armenie, littérature armenienne, 1841, in French, GB P.E. le Vaillant de Florival, Coup-d'oeil sur l'Armenie: ou, Geographie sommaire; precis de l'histoire d'Armenie, 1846, in French, GB L. Moser, The Caucasus and its people, with a brief history of their wars, 1856, GB |
| Specific Periods |
Articles : Orontid Dynasty (6th to 1st Century B.C.),
Kingdom of Armenia (190 B.C.-387/428 A.D.),
Kingdom of Sophene,
Kingdom of Commagene,
Lesser Armenia,
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1080/1199-1345),
Artaxiad Dynasty,
Roman Armenia,
Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia (54-428 A.D.),
Marzpanate Armenia (428-636),
Byzantine Armenia (387/428- ),
Arab Conquest of Armenia,
Emirate of Armenia,
Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia,
Vaspurakan,
Zakarid Armenia,
Persian Armenia,
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire,
Russian Armenia,
Armenian National Movement,
Hamidian Massacres,
Armenian Genocide,
Democratic Republic of Armenia,
Armenian SSR, from Wikipedia Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods, The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13-14th Centuries, by R. Bedrosian R.G. Hovannisian, The Republic of Armenia: The first year, 1918-1919 , n.d., GB |
| Politics | Links |
Political Resources on the Net : Armenia;
Governments on the WWW : Armenia;
Category : Politics of Armenia, from Wikipedia |
| General |
Article Politics of Armenia, from Wikipedia |
| Historical |
Creation of First Armenian Parties (Armenakan, Hunchasks and Dashnaktsutiun), from
armenian-history.com L. Nalbandian, The Armenian Revolutionary Movement : the Development of Armenian Political Parties through the Nineteenth Century, 1963, GB |
| Foreign Policy, Relations |
Articles : Armenian-Greek Relations,
Armenia-Turkey Relations,
Armenia-Iran Relations,
Armenian-Kurdish Relations, from Wikipedia R. Bedrosian, China and the Chinese according to 5-13th Century Classical Armenian Sources G. Moumdijan, Armenian Kurdish Relations in the Era of Kurdish National Movements (1830-1930) |
| Military |
Wars of Armenia, 1800-1999, from ACED Article : Nagorno-Karabakh War, from Wikipedia Nagorno-Karabakh, from Global Security Ghewond, Histoire des guerres et des conquetes des Arabes en Armenie 1856, in French, GB |
| Economy & Finances |
Global Currency History : Armenia;
Article Economy of Armenia, from Wikipedia;
Category Economy of Armenia, from Wikipedia;
Global Integrity Armenia : 2009,
2007,
2006 |
| Ethnography |
Lamguages of Armenia (6), from Ethnologue World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples : Armenia Armenia, from Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Assessment for Armenians in Azerbaijan, from Minorities at Risk Article : Armenians, from Wikipedia Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra, The Armenians of Cyprus, 2009, GB D. Urquhart, Observations on the Armenians, pp.336-342; Instructions of General Paskevitch Erivanski to Colonel Lazarew, 1828 pp.343-348, Proclamation of Colonel Lazarew to the Armenians pp.349-351, in The Portfolio vol.4 1836, GB K.F. Neumann, Geschichte der Uebersiedlung von vierzig tausend Armeniern: welche im Jahre 1828 aus der persischen Provinz Aserbeidschan nach Russland auswanderten, 1834, in German, GB |
| Religion |
Article : Armenian Apostolic Church, from Wikipedia;
from Encyclopedia of the Orient Category : Armenian Churches and Monasteries, from Armeniapedia Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Armenia, from Kirken i Norge Russia, from Roman Catholic Hierarchy, scroll down for Armenian Rite Armenia, from Jewish Virtual History Tour; Article : History of the Jews in Armenia, from Wikipedia; Armenia, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project J.B. Emin, Recherches sur le paganisme arménien, 1864, in French, GB F. Bodenstedt, Die Einführung des Christentums in Armenien, 1850, in German, GB M. Veyssiere de Lacroze, Histoire de christianisme d'Ethiopie, et d'Armenie , 1739, in French, GB E. Bost, Les Pauliciens d'Armenie, 1849, in French, GB F. Neve, Quelques episodes de la persecution du christianisme en Armenie au XVe siecle, 1861, in French, GB |
| History of Regions | of the Republic of Armenia |
Provinces of Armenia, from www.statoids.com Entry Karabakh, from Footnotes to History, by James L. Erwin Article : Nagorno-Karabakh, History of Nagorno-Karabakh, Karabakh Khanate, from Wikipedia Khanate of Erevan, from Wikipedia |
| outside of the Republic of Armenia |
Articles Kars Oblast,
Kars Province, Ottoman Empire,
Ardahan,
Erzurum Vilayet,
Van Vilayet, from Wikipedia |
| Local History |
Articles Historic Capitals of Armenia,
Ani,
Dvin,
Ejmiatsin, from Wikipedia Article : Yerevan, from Wikipedia |
| Structures, Institutions |
Armenia, from Airline History |
| Culture & Science |
Article : Armenia at the Olympics,
Category : Sport in Armenia, from Wikipedia |
| Biographies |
List of Armenians, from Wikipedia Category : Armenian Saints, from Wikipedia |
| Others |
Disaster History by Country : Armenia, from Relief Web Nagorno War and Armenian Deforestation, ICE Case Studies 1997; D.P. Boudjikanian, Armenian Independence and Deforestation, ICE Case Study 2006 Article : Wilsonian Armenia, from Wikipedia |
| DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
World Statesmen : Armenia, by Ben Cahoon;
Rulers : Armenia, by B. Schemmel;
Regnal Chronologies : Caucasus |
| Lists of Ambassadors |
List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Armenia, from
Wikipedia;
Ambassador of Russia to Armenia, from Wikipedia;
Article : United States Ambassador to Armenia;
Heads of Canadian Legation / Embassy in Yerevan (since 1994), from
MOFA Canada |
| Population Figures |
Historical Population Statistics, Armenia, from Population Statistics
by Jan Lahmeyer Population of Cities : Armenia, from City Population |
| Election Results |
from Psephos (since 1997) Armenia, from Political Resources Armenia, from Elections around the World Election Results, from Electoral Geography 2.0 |
| Documents | Historical Newspapers |
World History Archives : Armenia & Azerbaijan |
| Modern Newspapers | links from Online Newspapers, from World Newspapers |
| Newsreels |
British Pathe Wochenschau-Archiv (in German) Archief Beeld en Geluid : Polygoon (in Dutch) |
| Image Databanks |
Wikimedia Commons Airline Timetable Images : Armenia License plates from Armenia, from Francoplaque; from License Plates of the World Very Old B&W Postcards, from Armenian Pages Pictures from Historic Armenia, currently within Turkey, from Armenian Pages The Classic Armenia Images (Soviet Armenia), from Armenian Pages |
| Archival Deposits |
| Constitutions, Laws |
National Labour Law Profile : Armenia, from
Armenia Internet Law Library : Armenia List of Ratifications of International Labour Conventions by Armenia, from ILO, 7 docs. since 1992 |
| Treaties |
Category : Treaties of Armenia, from Wikipedia Articles : Treaty of Sevres 1920, Treaty of Lausanne 1923, Treaty of Kars 1923, from Wikipedia Peace Treaty of Sevres, 1920, Treaty of Lausanne 1923, from WW I Document Archive Treaty of Kars, from Armenian News Network Treaty of Berlin 1878 (excerpt), from Armenian News Network |
| Document Collections |
Armenian Historical Sources of the 5-15th Centuries, links posted by
R. Bedrosian Artemii Araratski, Memoirs of the life of Artemi of Wagarschapat, near Mount Ararat, in Armenia, 1822, GB V. Bahadouni, Armenian merchants of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries : English East India Company Sources, 1998, GB V. Langlois, Le tresor des chartes d'Armenie: ou, Cartulaire de la chancellerie royale des Roupeniens, 1863, in French, GB Vahram's Chronicle of the Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Time of the Crusades, 1831, GB |
| Historical Maps |
The Caucasus, from Atlas of Ethnic Conflicts, Ideological
Clashes and Border Disputes, has maps since 2000 B.C. Links to Maps, compiled by R. Bedrosian Historical Maps of Armenia, from armenian-history.com Map : Caucasus Khanates 1801-1876, from Wikipedia Map : Eastern Caucasus Khanates, 18th-19th C., from Wikipedia Map : Transcaucasia, early 19th C., from Wikipedia |
|
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
Article : Georgia, pp.171-178 in vol.11 of Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society
for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge 1838, GB; article covers all of Transcaucasian Russia Article Armenia, from EB 1911 |
| Religious |
Article : Armenische Christen, pp.107-108 in vol.1 of J.M. Mehlig,
Historisches Kirchen- und Ketzer-Lexicon, 1758, in German, GB Articles : Armenia, from Catholic Encyclopedia, 1907 edition |
| Economic |
| Geographical |
Entries : Turkish Empire in Asia : Armenia and Mesopotamia,
pp.98-125, Persian Armenia, pp.258-262 in vol.2
C. Malte-Brun, Universal Geography, 1822, GB Article : Armenie, pp.417-420 in vol.1 of Dictionnaire geographique universel, 1823, in French, GB The Province of Aran, pp.91-92 in vol.4 of J. Bell, A system of geography, popular and scientific, 1836, GB |
| Historical |
Armenia, pp.254-259 in S.G. Goodrich,
A history of all nations, from the earliest periods to the present time 1855, GB |
| Parliamentary Debates | foreign |
Hansard (British Parliament) |
| Tour Guides, Travelogues |
J.J. Morier, A journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople
, 1816, GB J. MacDonald Kinneir, Journey through Asia Minor, Armenia, and Koordistan in the years 1813 and 1814, 1818, GB P.A. Jaubert, Voyage en Armenie et en Perse : fait dans les annees 1805 et 1806 , 1821, in French, GB H. Southgate, Narrative of a Tour Through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia and Mesopotamia, vol.2 1840, GB M.F. Wagner, Reise nach dem Ararat und dem Hochland Armenien, 1846, in German, GB R. Curzon Jr., Armenia : A Year at Erzeroom, and on the Frontiers of Russia, Turkey and Persia, 1854, GB P. v. Tschihatscheff, P. v. Tschihatscheff's Reisen in Kleinasien und Armenien : 1847 - 1863, 1867, in German, GB |
| Institutions | Archives |
National Archives of Armenia |
| Musea |
Museums in Armenia, from Armeniapedia |
| Monuments |
UNESCO World Heritage Site, List (search for Armenia),
Tentative Lists : Armenia Monuments, from Haykland |
| Libraries |
| National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Flag, from FOTW; Coat of Arms, from
International Civic Heraldry National Anthems, Armenia, from National Anthems, from David's National Anthem Reference Page |
| Coins, Banknotes |
Algeria Coins, from World Coin Gallery Banknotes of Armenia, from World Currency Museum, from Ron Wise's World Paper Money Search Coin Archives for Armenia V. Langlois, Numismatique de l'Armenie au moyen age, 1855, in French, GB V. Langlois, Numismatique Generale de l'Armenie, 1859, in French, GB |
| Stamps |
Armenian Stamps 1919-1923, from Stamps Catalogue 1840-1920 by Evert Klaseboer |
| PRINTED REFERENCES |
| Bibliographies | general |
Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
(Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies) (site in German, most titles listed in English;
numerous entries; publications mostly since 1970) RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library ISBN Database |
| on Armenia |
| on specific issues |
Books on Genocide and Related Topics in Turkish,
Armenian, from Prevent Genocide Some Reference Works for the Study of the History of the Armenian Highlands, Prehistory to the 15th Century, links to publications compiled by R. Bedrosian |
| Online Libraries | general |
Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online e-corpus International Boundary Studies |
| on Armenia |
Armenian House, an electronic library |
| Online Journals | full text online |
Bulletin of Armenian Archives (Armenian, Russian) The Caucasus and Globalization Central Asia and the Caucasus Central Eurasia Annual |
|
Table of Contents Online |
Journal of Armenian Studies |
| Historiography |
| General Accounts |
| Specific Topics |
Chapter XXI : Across the Black Sea to the Caucasus, pp.425-449 in : John Gunther, Inside Russia Today, NY : Harper & Bros. (1957) 1958 [G] Across the Black Sea to the Caucasus, pp.193-219 in : John Gunther, Meet Soviet Russia. I : Land, People, Sights, NY : Harper & Bros. 1962 [G] Mary K. Matossian, Armenia and the Armenians, pp.143-160 in : Zev Katz et al. (ed.), Handbook of Major Soviet Nationalities, NY : The Free Press 1975 [G] |
| Historical Dictionary |
| Yearbook Entriess |
Article Armenia, in : Britannica Book of the Year 1993, pp. 425, 553, 1994, pp. 422-423, 553, 1995, pp. 371, 553 [G] Article USSR : Armenia, in : Statesman's Yearbook 1924 pp.1258-1259, 1925 p.1266, 1926 pp.1229-1230 [G] Article USSR : Trans-Caucasian SSR : Armenia, in : Statesman's Yearbook 1928 pp.1267-1270, 1929 pp.1245-1246, 1932 p.1266 [G] Article USSR : Armenia, in : Statesman's Yearbook 1937 p.1298, 1943 pp.1251-1252 [G] Article : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics : Armenia, in : Statesman's Yearbook 1970-1971 pp.1427-1429, 1975-1976 pp.1432-1433, 1978-1979 pp.1249-1251, 1980-1981 pp.1254-1256, 1983-1984 pp.1259-1260, 1984-1985 pp.1256-1258, 1985-1986 pp.1257-1259, 1987-1988 pp.1260-1262, 1988-1989 pp.1264-1266, 1989-1990 pp.1270-1272, 1990-1991 pp.1273-1275, 1991-1992 pp.1272-1274 [G] Article : Commonwealth of Independent States : Armenia, in : Statesman's Yearbook 1992-1993 pp.418-420, 1993-1994 pp.421-423, 1994-1995 pp.409-412, 1995-1996 pp.398-401, 1996-1997 pp.98-101 [G] Article : Armenia, in : Statesman's Yearbook 1997-1998 pp.103-106, 1998-1999 pp.126-129, 2000 pp.160-164, 2001 pp.160-163, 2002 pp.165-169, 2003 pp.167-171, 2004 pp.169-173, 2005 pp.166-170 [G] Entry : Armenia, pp.212-215 in : IMF, International Financial Statistics Yearbook 2001 [G] Article : Armenia, in : Americana Annual 1927 pp.59-60, 1928 p.62, 1930 p.71, 1931 pp.75-76, 1932 p.70, 1933 pp.63-64, 1934 pp.63-64, 1935 pp.68-69, 1936 p.63, 1937 p.53 [G] Article : Armenian SSR, in : Americana Annual 1943 p.58, 1944 p.62 [G] |
