 |
 |
|
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Political History . In 395 the Roman Empire was partitioned by the sons of Emperor Theodosius; Arcadius received the East.
While sources until 1453 refer to this Eastern Roman Empire simply as the Roman Empire, historians call it the Byzantine Empire. While the Western Roman Empire fell in the 5th century, the Byzantine Empire lasted on, and in 533-553 conquered the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa, the Ostrogoth Kingdom in Italy and part of the Visigoth Kingdom in Spain. In the later 6th century, much of Italy was lost to the Lombards, much of the Balkans to the Avars (and settled by their subjects, the Slavs). In the 7th century, Syria, Egypt, later the Maghreb were lost to the Caliphate. In the 8th century the Byzantine possessions in Spain were lost to the Caliphate, in the 9th century Crete, Cyprus, part of Sicily. In the later 9th century, the Byzantine Empire began to regain ground - Crete, Cyprus were retaken, in the 10th and early 11th century, the Empire expanded into northern Syria, conquered the Bulgarian Empire. The defeat at the hands of the Seljuqs in the Battle of Mantzikert (1071) resulted in the loss of part of Anatolia. Soon the Byzantine possessions in Italy were lost, too. The conquest of Constantinople by the 4th crusade 1204 was a disaster : the Byzantine Empire scattered into a number of (Catholic) crusader states and a number of (Orthodox) successor states competing for the reestablishment of the Byzantine Empire. The Despot of Nicaea succeeded in this goal in 1261; the restored Byzantine Empire, compared to 1200, had lost territory, most notably in Anatolia. Byzantine civil wars and Ottoman expansion in the 14th century reduced the Byzantine Empire to the capital and a stretch of territory on the Peloponnese. In 1453 the city of Constantinople was conquered and annexed by the Ottoman Empire. |
|
|
Church History . The purpose of the (first) Council of Nicaea in 325 AD was to define Christianity, the soon to be official religion
of the Roman Empire (since 330 at par with paganism, since 395 exclusively). At the Council of Chalcedon 451 significant Christian communities
in Syria and Egypt - the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Coptic Orthodox Church, the Armenian Apostolic Church - were branded heretics.
The leaders of early church were the 5 patriarchs, residing in Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem and Rome.
For the Byzantine Empire, the decisive figure was the Patriarch of Constantinople, residing in the neighbourhood of the Byzantine Emperor.
Because of this distance, most Patriarchs of Constantinople lacked independence in their action. In the 9th century, the Byzantine Empire was caught up in a violent dispute between the iconoclasts and those who believed icons to have healing power. In the later 9th century, Byzantine Emperor Basil I. lead an army against a statelet established by the Paulician 'heretics' in eastern Anatolia. The 9th century also saw Byzantine missionaries spread Orthodox Christianity among the Slavs. In 1054 a papal legate visited Constantinople and excommunicated the patriarch, and while doing so caused the Schism. In reality, the Latin Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church long had gone their separate ways. When the Byzantine Empire was partitioned by the crusaders in 1204, in the many crusader states an attempt was made to force Catholicism on their Orthodox subjects. This policy was resented by the populace and contributed the resurgence of the Byzantine Empire. |
|
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles | Current |
Article : Byzantine Empire, from Wikipedia |
| Historic |
| Links, on History |
Category : Byzantine Empire, from Wikipedia |
| Historical Dictionary |
OrthodoxWiki Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World : Asia Minor (EHW) Suda Online : Byzantine Lexicography |
| Timelines |
Explore Byzantium, Timeline 324-476,
518-565,
610-842,
842-1025,
1025-1118,
1204-1453 |
| Accounts of History | General, Modern |
Article : Byzantine Empire, from Wikipedia |
| General, Historical |
C. Dufresne, Historia Byzantina, 1729, in Latin, GB E. Gibbon, The history of the decline and fall of the Roman empire vol.1 1776, vol.3 1827, vol.4 1838, vol.5 1825, vol.7 1805, vol.9 1789, vol.10 1811, vol.12 1839, vol.13, 1907, GB G. Finlay, History of the Byzantine Empire, vol.1 1853, vol.2 1854, GB |
| Specific Periods |
G. Finlay, History of the Byzantine empire from DCCXVI to MLVII, 1856, GB G. de Villehardouin, The chronicle ... concerning the conquest of Constantinople, by the French , trsl. by T. Smith 1829, GB F.C. Schlosser, Geschichte der bilderstürmenden Kaiser des oströmischen Reichs 1812, in German, GB Article : Byzantium under the Heraclians 610-711, Byzantium under the Isaurians, 711-802, Byzantium under the Macedonians 867-1056, Byzantium under the Komnenos Dynasty, 1081-1185, Byzantium under the Palaiologoi 1261-1453, Byzantine civilisation in the twelfth century, from Wikipedia Articles : Macedonian Dynasty 867-1056, Palaeologan Dynasty, from Wikipedia C. Diehl, Justinian's Government in the East 1913, IA N.H. Baynes, The Successors of Justinian, 1913, IA E.W. Brooks, The Successors of Heraclius to 717 1913, IA C. Diehl, Leo III. and the Isaurian Dynasty, 1923, IA |
| Administration |
Article : Logothete, from Wikipedia Article : Pronoia (land grants; basis for term "Byzantine Feudalism"), from Wikipedia Article : Caesaropapism, from Wikipedia A.L.U. Gasquet, De l'autorite imperiale en matiere religieuse a Byzance 1879, in French, IA C. Toumanoff, Caesaropapism in Byzantium and Russia P. Vinogradoff, Origins of Feudalism, 1913, IA; describes the period from about 476 to 1000 in the Byzantine Empire C. Diehl, The Government and Administration of the Byzantine Empire 1923, IA E.W. Brooks, Arabic Lists of the Byzantine Themes, 1901, IA Article : Thema (Byzantine District), from Wikipedia; Article : Themes, from EHW Article : Byzantine Aristocracy and Bureaucracy, from Wikipedia |
| Military | General | Forces |
Article : Byzantine Army, from Wikipedia Article : Byzantine Navy, from Wikipedia Article : Akritai, from EHW; describes settlers in frontier areas with military responsibilities Article : Byzantine Army in Asia Minor, from EHW |
| Fortifications |
Article : Walls of Constantinople,
Hexamilion Wall, from Wikipedia Byzantine Fortresses in the Empire of Trebizond, from Rome Art Lover |
| Lists of Wars etc. |
Categories : Battles involving the Byzantine Empire,
Naval Battles involving the Byzantine Empire, from Wikipedia List of Byzantine Wars, from Wikipedia List of Sieges of Constantinople, from Wikipedia List of Byzantine Revolts and Civil Wars, from Wikipedia |
| Wars | 395-600 |
Article : Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, from Wikipedia Article : Anastasian War 502-506, from Wikipedia Article : Vandalic War 533-534, from Wikipedia Article : Gothic War 535-554, from Wikipedia Article : Lazic War 541-562, from Wikipedia Article : Roman-Persian War of 572-591, from Wikipedia Article : Maurice's Balkan Campaign 582-602, from Wikipedia |
| 600-800 |
Articles : Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628,
Siege of Constantinople 626, from Wikipedia Articles : Muslim Conquest of Syria 634-638, Battle of Yarmouk 636, Muslim Conquest of Egypt 639-641, Siege of Alexandria 641, from Wikipedia Articles : Siege of Constantinople 674-678, Siege of Constantinople 717-718, from Wikipedia V. Christides, Military Intelligence in Arabo-Byzantine Naval Warfare, De Re Militari Article : Umayyad Conquest of North Africa 647-709, from Wikipedia W.E. Kaegi, Decisive Combats in Byzantine Africa, 2006 E.W. Brooks, A.A. Vasil'yev, The Struggle with the Saracens, 717-1057 , 1923, IA |
| 800-963 |
Article : History of Islam
in Southern Italy : Conquest of Sicily 827-902, from Wikipedia J.G.C. Anderson, The Campaign of Basil I against the Paulicians in 872 A.D., 1896, IA E.W. Brooks, A.A. Vasil'yev, The Struggle with the Saracens, 717-1057 , 1923, IA Article : Byzantine-Arab Wars : Campaigns of Michael III., from Wikipedia Article : Rus-Byzantine Wars 830-1043, from Wikipedia |
| 963-1180 |
Article : Battle of Mantzikert 1071, from Wikipedia;
from EHW R. Markham, The Battle of Manzikert: Military Disaster or Political Failure? , De Re Militari E.W. Brooks, A.A. Vasil'yev, The Struggle with the Saracens, 717-1057 , 1923, IA Article : Byzantine-Arab Wars : Byzantine Resurgence, 963-1025, from Wikipedia Article : Byzantine-Norman Wars 1050-1185, from Wikipedia M.F. Scafuri, Byzantine Naval Power and Trade : The Collapse of the Western Frontier, thesis Texas A & M 2002; on the loss of Southern Italy 1071 Article : Byzantine-Georgian Wars 1064-1308, from Wikipedia |
| 1180-1261 |
Article : Fourth Crusade, from Wikipedia W. Norden, Der vierte Kreuzzug im Rahmen der Beziehungen des Abendlandes zu Byzanz , 1898, in German, IA Article : Byzantine-Georgian Wars 1064-1308, from Wikipedia Articles : Siege of Constantinople 1235, Battle of Pelagonia 1259, Siege of Constantinople 1260, from Wikipedia |
| 1261-1453 |
Article : Rebellion of Albanon 1259-1261, from Wikipedia Article : Byzantine-Venetian War 1294-1302, from Wikipedia Article : Byzantine-Genoese War 1348-1349, from Wikipedia Article : Byzantine-Georgian Wars 1064-1308, from Wikipedia Article : Fall of Constantinople 1453, from Wikipedia |
| Economy & Finances |
Article : Byzantine Economy, from Wikipedia A.E. Liaou, The Economic History of Byzantium, from the seventh through the fifteenth century, 2002 C. Morrisson, J.C. Cherynet, Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World, IISG List of Byzantine Inventions, from Wikipedia Enamel, from Qantara Mediterranean Heritage Article : Cloisonne, from Wikipedia Byzantine Finances, from Global Security Articles : Mint of Antioch, Mint of Kyzikos, Mint of Nicomedia, Mint of the Empire of Nicaea, from EHW Article : Trade with the East, from EHW Textile Collection, from Byzantine and Christian Museum, Athens |
| Social History |
Article : Byzantine Aristocracy and Bureaucracy, from Wikipedia Article : Aristocracy in Asia Minor (Byzantium), from EHW |
| Ethnography |
P. Charanis, The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire 1963, IA Articles : Mardaites in Asia Minor, Forced Movement of the Mardaites, 688, from EHW |
| Religion | General |
J.M. Neale, A history of the Holy Eastern Church
vol.1, 1850,
vol.2, 1847, GB |
| Greek Orthodox Church | General |
Article : Greek Orthodox Church, from Wikipedia |
| Hierarchy |
Article : Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople,
from Wikipedia J. Meyendorff, Hierarchy and Laity in the Orthodox Church 1955 Article : Caesaropapism, from Wikipedia A.L.U. Gasquet, De l'autorite imperiale en matiere religieuse a Byzance 1879, in French, IA C. Toumanoff, Caesaropapism in Byzantium and Russia |
| Theology |
P.J. Alexander, The Byzantine apocalyptic tradition, 1985, GB Excerpts from J. Meyendorff, "Byzantine Theology," Historical trends and doctrinal themes, posted by Holy Trinity Mission |
| Saints |
Category : Byzantine Saints, from Wikipedia Sources of Byzantine Hagiography, by Impantokratoros N. Patialiakas, "Byzantine" Hagiography - Rational Depiction |
| Monasticism |
Article : Eastern Christian Monasticism :
Byzantine Monasticism, from Wikipedia Article : Mount Athos, from Wikipedia Monasticism in the Byzantine Church, from The Society of St. John Chrysostom of Ayatriada Rum Katoliki Kilise |
| Architecture |
A. van Millingen, Byzantine Churches in Constantinople, their History and Architecture,
n.d., GB |
| Mission |
Article : Saints Cyril and Methodius, from Wikipedia |
| History, General |
Article : History of the Orthodox Church, from Wikipedia D. Geneakoplos, a short history of the ecumenical patriarchate of constantinople Timeline of Church History : Byzantine Era 451-843, Late Byzantine Era 843-1054, Post-Roman Schism 1054-1453, from OrthodoxWiki |
| History, Specific |
Article : Byzantine Iconoclasm, from Wikipedia Article : Iconoclasm in Asia Minor, from EHW A. Schmemann, Byzantium, Iconoclasm and the Monks J. Pagoire, L'eglise Byzantine de 527 a 847, 1905, in French, IA W. Norden, Das Papsttum und Byzanz; die Trennung der beiden Maächte und das Problem ihrer Wiedervereinigung, bis zum Untergange des byzantinischen Reichs (1453) 1903, in German, IA |
| Schismata and 'Heresies' |
Article : Paulicianism, from Wikipedia Article : Syriac Orthodox Church, from Wikipedia Article : Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, from Wikipedia Article : Nestorian Schism, from Wikipedia |
| Judaism |
Article : History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire,
from Wikipedia Byzantine Empire, from Jewish Virtual Library N. de Lange, Research on Byzantine Jewry, 2004 Article : Jews in Asia Minor, from EHW |
| History of Regions | Geographic Regions | Greece |
J.P. Fallmerayer, Geschichte der Halbinsel Morea: während des Mittelalters
vol.1, 1836,
vol.2, 1836, in German, GB G. Finlay, The history of Greece from its conquest by the Crusaders to its conquest by the Turks, and of the empire of Trebizond, 1204-1461, 1851, GB |
| Balkans |
Macedonia during the Byzantine Period (until 1204), 1998 Imperial Byzantine Policy Towards The Slavs And Its Effects, from History of Macedonia, 2011 The Arrival of the Slavs, from History of Ohrid |
| Anatolia |
Article : Administrative System in Byzantine Asia Minor, from EHW Article : Medieval Anatolia : Byzantine Empire, from Wikipedia N. Adontz, The Reform of Justinian in Armenia, 1908, IA |
| Syria |
Judea under Byzantine Rule (4th century-6th Century CE), from
Jewish Virtual Library Artcle : Syria (Roman Province) : Dominate, from Wikipedia M. Lewis, Byzantine Syria and the Centralised Church Z.T. Fiema, Southern Syria during the Classical and Byzantine Periods |
| Egypt |
House of Ptolemy : Byzantine Egypt, links & bibliography |
| Africa |
Article : Praetorian Prefecture of Africa, from Wikipedia C. Diehl, L'Afrique byzantine 1896, in French, IA Tunisia - Byzantine Africa, from Global Security |
| Italy |
D. de Guldencrone, L'Italie Byzantine; etude sur le haut Moyen-Age (400-1050)
, 1914, in French, IA C. Diehl, Etudes sur l'administration byzantine dans l'exarchat de Ravenne , 1888, in French, IA Article : Catepanate of Italy, from Wikipedia Article : Sicily : Byzantine, from Wikipedia Article : Sardinia : Byzantine Period, from Wikipedia |
|
Successor States Orthodox Greek |
Despotate of Epirus 1205-1479 |
Article : Despotate of Epirus, from Wikipedia |
| Empire of Nicaea, 1204-1261 |
Article : Empire of Nicaea, from Wikipedia |
| Empire of Trebizond 1204-1461 |
Article : Empire of Trebizond, from Wikipedia Trebizond Empire Coins, from Zeno J.P. Fallmerayer, Geschichte des Kaiserthums von Trapezunt, 1827, in German, GB The Comnenian Empire of Trebizond, 1204-1468, from wegm.com (Coins) |
|
Successor States Orthodox Non-Greek |
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1080-1375 |
Article : Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, from Wikipedia Sirarpie Der Necessian, The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia 1962, IA |
| Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185-1396 |
Article : Second Bulgarian Empire, from Wikipedia |
| Serbia |
Article : Serbia in the Middle Ages, from Wikipedia |
|
Successor States "Heretic' |
Paulician State, 810-878 |
Article : State of the Paulicians, from EHW |
|
Successor States Catholic |
Latin Empire, 1204-1261 |
Article : Latin Empire, from Wikipedia |
| Principality of Achaia, 1205-1432 |
Article : Principality of Achaia, from Wikipedia Achaia Coins, from Zeno |
| Duchy of the Archipelago, 1207-1579 |
Article : Duchy of the Archipelago, from Wikipedia |
| Duchy of Athens, 1205-1458 |
Article : Duchy of Athens, from Wikipedia |
| Kingdom of Cyprus, 1192-1489 |
Article : Kingdom of Cyprus, from Wikipedia |
| Lordship of Negroponte, 1204-1470 | Article : Lordship of Negroponte, from Wikipedia |
| Knights Hospitaller at Rhodes, 1309-1522 |
Article : Knights Hospitaller : Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes
, from Wikipedia |
| Kingdom of Thessalonica, 1204-1224 |
Article : Kingdom of Thessalonica, from Wikipedia |
| Possessions of Venice | Kingdom of Candia, 1204-1669 |
Article : Kingdom of Candia, from Wikipedia |
| Caffa (Ven. 1204-1261) |
Article : Feodosiya : Caffa, from Wikipedia |
| Chios (Ven. 1204-1224) |
Article : Chios : Middle Ages, from Wikipedia |
| Possessions of Genova | Chios, Samos, Lesbos, Caffa 1261- |
Article : Chios (Genoese Period), from Wikipedia Article : Lesbos : History, from Wikipedia Article : Feodosiya : Caffa, from Wikipedia |
|
Successor States Muslim |
Seljuk Dynasty |
Article : Seljuq Dynasty, from Wikipedia |
| Ottoman Empire |
| Emirate of Sicily |
| al-Andalus |
| Local History |
Anon., Constantinople: its past, present and future
, 1853, GB Article : Nicaea : Early History, Roman and Byzantine Empires, from Wikipedia |
| Institutions |
| Culture |
Article : Byzantine Architecture, from Wikipedia Article : Byzantine Art, from Wikipedia Byzantium (c.330-1453), from Metropolitan Museum of Art Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History : Byzantine Art, 28 subpages |
| Biographies |
| Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
List of Byzantine Emperors, from Wikipedia |
| Lists of Bishops |
List of Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople,
from Wikipedia; List of Patriarchs of Constantinople, from OrthodoxWiki List of Eastern Orthodox Dioceses and Archdioceses List of Archbishops of Athens, from Wikipedia |
| Documents | Image Databanks |
| Archival Deposits |
| Constitutions, Laws |
| Treaties | Bilateral Treaty Collections |
| Document Collections |
Internet Medieval Sourcebook : Selected Sources, Byzantium J. Thomas, A.C. Hero, Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents , Dumbarton Oaks |
| Individual Documents |
J.B. Bury, De Administrando Imperio 1906, IA J.B. Bury, The Ceremonial Book of Constantine Porphyrogennetos 1907, IA Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorvm quae svpersvnt, trsl. into Latin by A. Meineke, 1849, IA Anaplous Bosporou. Dionysii Byzantii De Bospori navigatione quae supersunt; una cum supplementis in geographos graecos minores aliisque ejusdem argumenti fragmentis e codicibus MSS. edidit Carolus Wescher, 1874, IA T. Nöldeke, Die von Guidi herausgegebene Syrische Chronik 1893, in German, MENA |
| Historical Maps | entire country, hindsight/modern |
Category : Maps of the Byzantine Empire, from Wikipedia Explore Byzantium : 565, 668, 780, 1025, 1092, 1143, 1218, 1350, 1453 Euratlas Periodis : Europe in the Year 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400 Map : Byzantine Empire in the 6th Century, Univ. of Pennsylvania Linguistic Map of Justinian's Empire, c.560, from Wikipedia Map : Byzantine Empire c.700, from Rosenwein, Short History of the Middle Ages |
| entire country, contemporary |
| detail, hindsight/modern |
Map : Byzantine Constantinople, from Wikipedia Maps : Anatolia 1097, Anatolia 1200, Anatolia 1300, from Wikipedia Map : Anatolian Beyliks, from Wikipedia (14th Century) |
| detail, contemporary |
|
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
| Religious |
Article : The Byzantine Empire, from Catholic Encyclopedia Article : The Byzantine Empire, from Jewish Encyclopedia |
| Historical |
| Travelogues |
| Institutions | Archives |
Sources of Knowledge, Sources of Memory : Archives of the Byzantine Empire |
| Musea |
Byzantine & Christian Museum, Athens Museum of Byzantine Culture, Thessaloniki Byzantine Museum of Zakynthos Byzantine Museum, Kastoria, from Macedonian Heritage Cyprus University, Byzantine Museum Byzantine Museum of Corfu, from Corfu Museums Agios Lazaros Byzantine Museum, Larnaca, Cyprus Istanbul Mosaic Museum, from MUZE Hagia Sophia Museum, from MUZE |
| Monuments |
Article : Great Palace of Constantinople, from Wikipedia Article : Hippodrome of Constantinople, from Wikipedia Article : Hagia Sophia, from Wikipedia Article : Mount Athos, from Wikipedia |
| Libraries |
Byzantine Library, Paris |
| National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
| Coins, Banknotes |
Byzantine Coins, from Zeno Byzantine Coins, auction catalogue H.J. Berk/V. England 1989, GB Catalogue of the imperial Byzantine coins in the British Museum vol.1, 1908, vol.2, 1908, IA Byzantium, from wegm.com Byzantine Numismatics, from Digital Library Numis |
| PRINTED REFERENCE |
| Bibliographies | general |
ISBN Database |
| on Byz. Emp |
[Comment on, Links to] Byzantine Studies Bibliographies,
by Paul Halsall Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life, Univ. Vienna Bibliography on Women in Byzantium, Dumbarton Oaks RI-OPAC (Regesta Imperii, Database of Publications on the Middle Ages, including Byzantine Studies) |
| Online Libraries | general |
Google Books;
Internet Archives;
Gutenberg Library Online;
HathiTrust;
e-corpus Swiss Electronic Library; Gallica |
| on the region |
Central and Eastern European Online Library ANEMI, Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies Electronic Text Archive, from DXARTS / CARTAH, Univ. of Washington Biblioteca Digitala Nationala, Romania |
| on Byz. Emp. |
Golden Horn University, Byzantine Primary Source Digital Library Digital Library, Leimonos Monastery Digitales Forschungsarchiv Byzanz, Univ. of Vienna Myriobiblos, Etext Library of the Church of Greece |
| Online Journals | full text online |
Byzantinische Zeitschrift
vol.1 1892, IA,
vol.2 1893, IA,
vol.3 1894, IA,
vol.4, IA,
vol.5, IA,
vol.6, IA,
vol.7, IA,
vol.8, IA,
vol.13, IA,
vol.15, IA,
vol.16, IA,
vol.17, IA,
vol.18, IA,
vol.19, IA,
vol.21, IA,
vol.22, IA |
|
Table of Contents Online |
| General Accounts |
Dimitri Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth. Eastern Europe 500-1453, Crestwood NY : St. Vladimir's Seminary Press 1971 [G] |
| Specific Topics |
| Historical Dictionaries |
