1939-1960 History of Central Africa





Independence, since 1960



In 1960 Chad became independent, NGARTA TOMBALBAYE the country's first president. In 1965 a ONE-PARTY-STATE was proclaimed. The administration was dominated by southerners (the south is the more populated region); the north rose in rebellion from 1966. France actively supported the government. Libya actively supported the FROLINAT liberation movement and occupied the AOZOU STRIP in 1972.
Coups in 1979 and 1982 brought new administrations in power. Frolinat switched sides and in 1987 Libyan troops were, with French assistance, expelled from the Aozou strip. The International Court of Justice in 1994 decided the matter in favour of Chad. In the 1990es, transition to multiparty democracy took place.





EXTERNAL
FILES 		Chad, History of, from Infoplease ; from Library of Congress, Country Studies
Aozou Strip, from Infoplease and from Inventory of Conflict and Environment, detailed; Libya/Chad, from War History
CASCON Case CHA : Chad 1979-1994, by L.P. Bloomfield, L. Moulton
Chad : The Party System in 1950-1956 and 1957-1962, in : Kenneth Janda, Political Parties : A Cross-National Survey
DOCUMENTS Map from CIA World Factbook
Banknotes from Ron Wise's World Paper Money
Flag from FOTW
Documents on Chad's recent history, from World History Archives, scroll down
Estimates of Death Tolls in Chad Civil Wars, posted by Matthew White, scroll down for (1) Chad 1965 et seq., (2) Chad 1982-1990
1994 judgment by International Court of Justice in border dispute between Chad and Libya, from International Court of Justice Contentious Cases
REFERENCE The Chadian Insurgencies, 1975-1991, pp.166-178, in : John W. Turner, Continent Ablaze. The Insurgency Wars in Africa, 1960 to the Present, London : Cassell 1998
Article : Chad, in : Britannica Book of the Year 1961 p.157, 1962 p.140, 1963 pp.255-256, 1964 pp.233-234, 1965 p.224, 1966 p.177, 1967 p.194, 1968 p.190, 1969 p.190, 1970 p.192, 1971 p.184, 1972 p.169, 1973 pp.166-167, 1974 pp.174-175, 1975 pp.159-160, 1976 p.187, 1977 p.189, 1978 p.243, 1979 pp.241-242, 1980 pp.238-239, 1981 pp.236-237, 1982 p.234, 1983 pp.231-232, 1984 pp.227-228, 1985 pp.462-463, 655, 1986 pp.457-458, 651, 1987 pp.425-426, 620, 1988 pp.386-387, 572, 1989 pp.386, 572, 1990 pp.403, 587, 1991 pp.382-383, 572, 1992 pp.354, 572, 1993 pp.358, 582, 1994 pp.356, 582, 1995 pp.390, 582, 1996 pp.387, 582, 1997 pp.406-407, 580, 2002 pp.404-405, 577 [G]
Article : Chad, in : Statesman's Yearbook 1970-1971 pp.941-942, 1975-1976 pp.807-808, 1976-1977 pp.819-820, 1978-1979 pp.325-326, 1979-1980 pp.324-325, 1980-1981 pp.327-328, 1981-1982 pp.331-333, 1983-1984 pp.336-338, 1984-1985 pp.335-337, 1985-1986 pp.337-339, 1986-1987 pp.341-343, 1987-1988 pp.341-343, 1988-1989 pp.343-345, 1989-1990 pp.346-348, 1990-1991 pp.345-347, 1991-1992 pp.345-347, 1992-1993 pp.346-348, 1993-1994 pp.346-348, 1994-1995 pp.336-339, 1995-1996 pp.324-327, 1996-1997 pp.335-338, 1997-1998 pp.337-340, 1998-1999 pp.367-370, 2000 pp.429-433, 2001 pp.417-420, 2002 pp.433-437, 2003 pp.432-436, 2004 pp.432-436, 2005 pp.428-432, 2006 pp.421-425 [G]
Article : Chad, in : The World in Figures 1st ed. 1976 pp.62-63, 2nd ed. 1978 pp.61-62, 4th ed. 1984 pp.61-62 [G]
Entry : Republic of Chad, Cabinet, pp.24-25; Background Notes : Chad, pp.396-402, in : Countries of the World and their Leaders Yearbook, 2003 [G]
Article : Chad, in : Americana Annual 1961 p.129, 1962 p.126, 1963 p.131, 1964 p.133, 1965 p.143, 1967 p.155, 1968 p.143, 1969 p.157, 1970 pp.48, 161, 1971 p.197, 1972 p.187, 1973 p.179, 1976 pp.72-73, 1988 p.180, 1989 pp.179 [G]
Entry : Chad, pp.344-347 in : IMF, International Financial Statistics Yearbook 2001 [G]



This page is part of World History at KMLA
First posted in 2001, last revised on September 28th 2007

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