Ottoman Empire | Mughal Empire |
Click here for the history of Iran 644-1500. Established in 1501, conquered the state of the Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep Turks) by 1508. Established Shia Islam as state religion. Lost Iraq and eastern Anatolia to the Ottoman Empire, but was able to stop their further eastward expansion. Conquered Hormuz in 1622. Capital first Tabriz 1501-1555, later Qazwin 1555-1598, then Esfahan 1598-1722. In 1722 toppled by the Afghan or Hotaki Dynasty. Formally disestablished in 1736, when Nader Shah took the crown for himself (Afsharid Dynasty). Historical Atlas : Iran Page, Western Central Asia Page, Western Asia Page List of Wars : Iran Students' Papers : Kim, Sun Hoo, History of Food and Nutrition in West Asia (2009) |
E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
Biography | Others |
D o c u m e n t s |
Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
Country Profiles | Current |
Article : Safavid Dynasty from Wikipedia |
Links | General |
from Library of Congress, Portals to the World;
from BUBL;
from dmoz;
List of Iran-related Topics, from Wikipedia;
Category : Safavids, from Wikipedia Virtual Library Iran |
on History |
from Virtual Library History;
from Virtual Library Women's History;
from persia.org;
from Pars Times Category : Persian History; Category : History of Iran, from Wikipedia Articles in the Category "History of Persia", from EB 1911 History-Related Articles, from Kurdistanica |
Organizations |
Iran Heritage Foundation Foundation for Iranian Studies British Institute of Persian Studies Institut français de recherche en Iran (IFRI) Institute of Iranian Studies, Univ. of St. Andrews; Centre for Iranian Studies, Durham Univ. International Society for Iranian Studies (ISIS) DIWAN, Association des doctorants en histoire des mondes musulmans medievaux |
Historical Dictionary |
Encyclopaedia Iranica Kurdistanica, Digital Encyclopedia of Kurdistan A Shi'ite Encyclopedia, from DILP Iranian History Glossary |
Timelines |
from Encyclopedia of the Orient;
from BBC News,
from timelines.ws;
from Perry Castaneda Library, UTexas (scan, covers
20th century); from mage.com;
from On the Matrix |
Accounts of History | modern, on Iran, Afg. |
from Salam Iran,
Iran's History in Brief, from
Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Ottawa, Canada from Iran Photo Album, from Iransaga, 11 chapters; from Tamasha, 12 chapters, from Lonely Planet, from Iran Chamber Society Article History of Iran, from Wikipedia History of Afghanistan, from Afghanistan Online (4 chapters); from Afghanistan dot net (40 chapters, 2 links not working); from Times of Central Asia; Historical Guide to Afghanistan, by Nancy Dupree; History of Afghanistan, from Wikipedia; from Global Security |
modern, on Safavids |
History of Iran : the Safavids, 1491-1722, from
Global Security J. Malek, La Renaissance Sefevide |
Specific Periods |
T.J. Krusinski, The history of the late revolutions of Persia,
vol.1 IA 1733,
GB 1728,
vol.2 IA 1733,
GB 1728 J. Fraser, The history of Nadir Shah, formerly called Thamas Kuli Khan, the present Emperor of Persia, 1740, GB J. Hanway, The Revolutions of Persia, containing the Reign of Shah Sultan Hussein; the Invasion of the Afghans and the Reigns of Sultan Mir Maghmud and his successor Sultan Ashreff, with the History of his celebrated Successor Nadir Kouli from his birth in 1687 to his death in 1747, and some particulars of the unfortunate reign of his successor Adil Shah, vol.1, 1753, vol.2 1762, GB John Foran, The Long Fall of the Safavid Dynasty : Moving Beyond the Standard Views, Int. J. Middle East Stud. 24 (1992), pp.281-304. L.A. de la Mamie de Clairac, Histoire de Perse depuis le commencement de ce siècle vol.1, 1750, vol.2, 1750, vol.3, 1750, |
Historiography |
S. Quinn, Historiography : Safavid Period, from Encyclopaedia Iranica Problems in Kurdish Historiography, from Kurdistanica |
Foreign Policy, Foreign Relations |
R.R. Dawes, A History of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations with Persia (1887), posted on
Internet Archive G. Berchet, La Repubblica di Venezia e la Persia (1865) in Italian, posted on Internet Archive R.R. Davies, A History of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations with Persia (1887), posted on Internet Archive Arnold van Wickeren, Geschiedenis van Portugal en van de Portugezen overzee, Deel 4 chapter 3 subch.4 : De kust van Oman; de aanval op Ormoez (1507-1508), Deel 5 chapter 6 subch.3 : Problemen bij de kolonisatie; betrekkingen met Perzië Deel 5, chapter 6, subch.6 : Bezetting van Ormoez; bondgenootschap met Perzië, Deel 16 chapter 2 subch.3 : De val van Ormoez, Deel 16 chapter 2 subch.1 : Expedities naar Perzië en China; de stad Goa en verlening van steun aan de Portugezen in Syriam, Deel 16 chapter 2 subch.2 : Een Perzisch gezantschap naar Europa; de capitaes gerais Dom Frei Aleixo de Menezes, Andre Furtado de Mendoça en Ruy Lourenço de Tavora (1607-1612),in Dutch, posted on Colonial Voyage Get Iranian History Today : 1609 : An Ottoman Messenger to Persia, 1614 : Spain offer for Bahrain rejected, 1623 : Pope offers Support against Ottomans, 1704 : Louis XIV offers French-Iranian Treaty, 1715 : Persian ambassador in Paris Article : Dutch-Persian Relations, from Encyclopaedia Iranica Article : Portugal i. Relations with Persia in the Early Modern Age (1500-1750), from Encyclopaedia Iranica Article : Ottoman-Persian Relations Part I : Safavids, from Encyclopaedia Iranica |
Administration |
Military |
Category : Battles Involving the Safavid Empire,
from Wikipedia See WHKMLA, List of Wars : Iran Military History of Iran, from Wikipedia |
Economy & Finances | General |
Economy : From the Safavids to the Zands, from
Encyclopaedia Iranica |
Money & Finances |
A Global History of Currencies : Iran Persia : Money, from Marteau Platform in Economic History |
Trade |
J. Hanway, An historical account of the British trade over the Caspian sea
vol.1, 1753,
vol.2, 1753, GB R. Matthee, Anti-Ottoman politics and transit rights : The seventeenth-century trade in silk between Safavid Iran and Muscovy, Cahiers du monde russe : Russie, Empire russe, Union sovietique, Etats independants Annee 1994 Volume 35 Numero 35-4 pp.739-761, Persee Gewest Perzië, from V.O.C. Kenniscentrum, in Dutch VOC in Perzië, from Historizon, in Dutch Article : Handelsposten van de V.O.C. in het Midden-Oosten : Iran-Perzië, from Wikipedia Dutch edition Handelsposten : Perzië, from De V.O.C. Site, in Dutch |
Textile Industry |
History of Persian Carpets, from Iran Chamber Society Dar Anahita, Safavid floral textiles of the 16th and 17th centuries, Safavid figurative textiles, Safavid Garment Textiles of the 16th Century, Louvre, Three Empires of Islam, Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal textile art The history of brocaded silk-weaving in Iran, from CAIS R.F. Shazadeh, The History of Persian Embroidery |
Ceramic Industry |
Louvre, Three Empires of Islam, Safavid ceramics and tiles |
Metal Industry |
Louvre, Three Empires of Islam,
Metalwork, arms and armor: regional interactions and local specificities |
Mining |
Iranian Oil History in Brief, from Iranian Journalist |
Social History |
History of Iran : Women in the Safavid Era, from Iran Chamber
Society F. Barth, Nomads of South Persia (1961), posted on IA |
Ethnography |
Languages of Iran (69), from Ethnologue Minorities at Risk, scroll down for Iran - Arabs, Azerbaijanis, Bakhtiari, Baluchis, Kurds, Turkmen Country Report Iran, from U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (1997-2006) Migration Information Source : Iran Article Iranian Kurdistan, from Wikipedia Armenians in Iran, from Iran Chamber Society Category : Languages of Iran, from Wikipedia Article : Demographics of Iran, from Wikipedia World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples : Iran Search Encyclopaedia Iranica P.M. Zehi, A Cultural Anthropology of Baluchis, posted by Iran Chamber Society |
Religion | General |
Religion in Iran, from netiran;
Category Religion in Iran, from Wikipedia |
Islam |
Article : Safavid conversion of Iran from
Sunnism to Shiism, Safaviya (Sufi Order), from Wikipedia Mosques of Iran, from Iran Page (images only, locations not given) R. Ja'afariyan, Four Centuries of Influence of Iraqi Shi'ism on Pre-Safavid Iran, 1998, DILP A. Shariati, Red Shi'ism, DILP |
Zoroastrianism |
Zoroaster and Zoroastrians in Iran, from
Iran Chamber Society; Zoroastrian Sacred Sites in Iran, from
Places of Peace and Power |
Judaism |
Jews of Iran, from Jewish Virtual Library;
M. Price, A brief history of Iranian Jews, 2001,
posted by Iran Chamber Society; Iran, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project |
Christianity |
A Brief History of Christianity in Iran, from Farsinet;
Historical Churches in Iran, from Iran Chamber Society |
History of Regions | General |
Provinces of Iran, Counties of Iran, from www.statoids.com Iranian Provinces, from Iran Chamber Society Article : Provinces of Iran, from Wikipedia Category : Provinces of Iran, from Wikipedia |
Khuzestan |
History of Khuzestan, from Wikipedia History of Khuzestan Part 1, Part 2, from Tebyan |
Tabaristan/Mazandaran |
M.B. al Hasan B. Isfandiyar, History of Tabaristan;
computer may have difficulty displaying characters properly; transcribed into English |
Gulf Islands |
Abu Musa and the Tunbs, from The Persian Gulf |
Khorasan |
St. John Lovett and Euan Smith, Eastern Persia (Vol I) (1876),
posted on Internet Archive |
Georgia |
Article : Georgia-Persia Relations : Safavid Period,
from Wikipedia J. Bacque-Grammont, Notes et documents sur les Ottomans, les Safavides et la Georgie, 1516-1521, Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique Annee 1979 Volume 20 Numero 20-2 pp.239-272, in French, Persee |
Azerbaijan |
Article : History of Azerbaijan : Safavids and the rise of Shi'a Islam, from Wikipedia A. Kazem-Bek, Derbend-nâmeh: or, The history of Derbend, trsl. from the Turkish, 1851 GB |
Iranian Kurdistan |
Article : Iranian Kurdistan : Safavid Period, from Wikipedia |
Local History | General |
Article : Cities of Iran, from Wikipedia |
Abadan |
Article : History of Abadan, from Wikipedia |
Baghdad |
Safavid 1508-1534, 1623-1638 Article : Baghdad : From the Mongol Invasion to the Ottoman Occupation , from Encyclopaedia Iranica |
Basra |
Safavid 1508-1534, 1623-1638 Article : Basra, from Encyclopaedia Iranica |
Herat |
with brief interruptions, Safavid 1510-1716 Article : History of Herat, from Wikipedia Article : Herat, History : Medieval Period, from Encyclopaedia Iranica Article : Herat, from Iranian History Glossary |
Isfahan |
Article : History of Isfahan, from Wikipedia Article : Isfahan : Safavid Period, from Encyclopaedia Iranica |
Julfa |
I. Bashiri, Julfa Article : Julfa, Safavid Period, from Encyclopaedia Iranica |
Kandahar |
Safavid 1556-1595, 1622-1641, 1649-1709 Article : History of Kandahar, from Wikipedia Article : Kandahar : from the Mongol Invasion through the Safavid Era, from Encyclopaedia Iranica |
Mashhad |
Article : History of Mashhad, from Wikipedia The History of the Shrine of Imam Ali B. Musa al-Ridha, from DILP 1995 (shrine in Mashhad) |
Qazvin |
Article : Qazwin : History, from Wikipedia |
Qom |
Article : Qom, History, from Wikipedia M. Jagger, Lady Fatima Masuma of Qum, 2003, DILP Historical Caravansaries, Qom, from Tebyan Article : Qom, from Iranian History Glossary |
Shiraz |
Article : History of Shiraz : Islamic Period, from Wikipedia A.S. Shahbazi, Shiraz : History to 1940, from Encyclopaedia Iranica |
Tabriz |
Article : History of Tabriz, from Wikipedia |
Tehran |
History of Tehran, from
greatestcities.com,
Article : History of Tehran, from Wikipedia Article : Tehran, from Iranian History Glossary |
Structures, Institutions |
Culture & Science |
Online Publications on the History of Iranian Architecture, posted by ArchNet History of Painting in Iran, from Farhangsara The Art of the Safavids before 1600, The Arts of Iran 1600-1800, from Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Article : Safavid Art, from Wikipedia Article History of Contemporary Medicine in Iran, from Wikipedia The Persian Calendar, by Holger Oertel A History of Muslim Philosophy, Ch. LIII : Persian Literature, Ch. LXXVII : Renaissance in Iran, Ch. LXVIII : renaissance in Iran (Cont.) Safavid Dynasty Carpets and Rugs, from Nazmiyal Collection |
Biographies |
List of Iranians, from Wikipedia;
Iranian Personalities, from Iran Chamber Society Iran, from Executed Today Articles Mir Wais Hotak, Mir Mahmud Shah Hotaki, Ashraf Khan, from Wikipedia N. Hanif, Biographical Encyclopedia of Sufis, 2000, GB |
Others |
International Boundary Studies,
search for Iran Crime and Society : A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World : Iran Alcohol and Drugs History Society : Iran; Epidemiology of Drug Use in Iran, from UNODC Palearctic Ecoregion, from WWF |
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon);
from Rulers (B. Schemmel);
from Regnal Chronologies;
from World Rulers (E. Schulz, illustrated) Article Rulers of Iran, from Wikipedia |
Exchange Rates |
The Marteau Early 18th-Century Currency Converter |
Documents | Online Yearbook Entries |
Historical Register : Persia no.46 1727 pp.89-117,
no.65 1732 pp.1-7, GB The Political state of Great Britain, Advices from Turky and Persia, vol.34 1727 pp.588-589 |
Image Databanks |
Iranian Historical Photographs Gallery Wikimedia Commons : Iran |
Archival Deposits |
Guide to India Office Records relating to Iran, from British Library Iran Documents, at Central Archive for the History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem Search Your Archives for Iran (UK National Archives) TANAP, Reconstructie van het archief van de VOC-vestiging Perzië, in Dutch |
Constitutions, Laws |
Treaty Collections | Pertaining to Iran |
Document Surveys |
Ch.11 : De Scriptoribus Rerum Orientalium atque Asiaticarum, Par.4 : Persicarum rerum scriptores, pp.237-239 in
B.G. Struve, Selecta bibliotheca historica, 1705, in Latin, GB ;
a catalogue of narrative historical sources |
Document Collections |
Digital Persian Archive, Universität Marburg |
Individual Documents |
Historical Maps |
click WHKMLA Historical Atlas, Iran Page Atlas of Iran, from Wikimedia Commons Category : Safavid Empire Maps, from Wikimedia Commons Search Atlas of Mutual Heritage for Iran, Bushehr, Esfahan, Kerman, Fort Mosselstein, Shiraz Map : Turkic Languages, from Titus Maps : Languages of the Caucasus, Iranian Languages from Titus Map : Linguistic Composition of Iran, from FarsiNet Iran Historical Maps : Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, Qajar, Pahlavi Eras, from Iran Politics Club Map : Safavid Persia, from Wikipedia Map : Bowen 1747, Afghanistan, posted by Wikipedia Map : Bowen 1747, Persia, from Wikimedia Commons |
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
Religious |
Economic |
Political |
De l'Estat du Sophy de Perse, pp.934-1025 in P. d'Avity,
Les Estats, Empires et Principautez du Monde, 1613, in French, GB De l'Estat du Sophy de Perse, pp.932- in P. d'Avity, Les Estats, Empires et Principautez du Monde, 1614, in French, GB De l'Estat du Sophy de Perse, pp.192- in P. d'Avity, Les Estats, empires royaumes, seigneuries, duchez, et principautez du monde, 1621, in French, GB De l'Estat du Sophy de Perse, pp.934- in P. d'Avity, Les Estats, Empires et Principautez du Monde, 1628, in French, GB De l'Estat du Sophi de Perse, pp.749-887 in P. d'Avity, Les Estats, empires et principautez du monde representez par la description des pays et moeurs des habitans, richesses des provinces, les forces, le gouvernement, la religion, et les princes qui ont gouverne chacun estat , 1630, in French, GB Estats du Sophi de Perse, pp.290-444 in P. d'Avity, Le Monde, ou la Description generale de ses quatre parties, 1643, in French, GB Estats de Sophi du Perse, pp.656- in P. d'Avity, Les Estats, empires, royaumes et principautez du monde , 1659, in French, GB Estats de Sophi du Perse, pp.1014- in P. d'Avity, Nouveau theatre du monde: contenant les estats, empires, royaumes, et principautez, representez par l'ordre et veritable description des pays, moeurs des peuples, forces, 1661, in French, GB De l'Estat du Sophy de Perse, pp.656- in P. d'Avity, Les estats, empires, royaumes et principautez du monde, 1665, in French, GB Interets du Sophy de Perse sur Ormus, la Chaldee ou Babylone, l'Idumee et l'Arabie, Caramanie pp.230-240 in H. de Rohan, Intérêts et maximes des principes et des estats souverains, 1666, in French, GB |
Geographical |
Persia, pp.90-115 in vol.1 of A. Hamilton,
A New Account of the East Indies, 1744, GB |
on History |
Entry : The Present State of Persia, pp.305- in vol.1 of Th. Salmon,
Modern History or the Present State of All Nations, 1744, GB |
Travelogues |
Institutions | Archives |
National Archives of Iran UNESCO Archives Portal : National Archives Asia Pacific, has one entry for Iran (Nov. 15th 2006), scroll down |
Musea | Lists, Links |
Museums in Iran, from Caroun;
Category : Museums in Iran, from Wikipedia |
Musea | Museum Websites |
National Museum of Iran |
Monuments |
Category : Monuments and memorials in Iran,
from Wikipedia UNESCO World Heritage Site, List (search for Iran), Tentative Lists : Iran Article : Ali Qapu (Grand Palace, Isfahan), from Wikipedia |
Libraries |
National Library of Iran Libraries in Iran, from LibDex |
National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Safavid Flag, from Wikipedia Safavid Symbols, from Georgian Heraldry Category : Safavid Empire Flags, from Wikimedia Commons |
Coins, Banknotes | on Iran |
Coin Catalog of Iran, from Numismaticon;
search Coin Archives for Persia, Iran;
Numismatic Collections of Coins - Iran, bilingual Russian-English site;
Iran, from World Coin Gallery British Museum, The coins of the shahs of Persia, Safavis, Afghans, Efsharis, Zands, and Kajars (1887), posted on Internet Archive |
on Safavid Dyn. |
Coins of the Safavid Dynasty, from Oriental Coins Database Safavid Coins, from NeoCollect Category : Coins of the Safavid Empire, from Wikipedia Safavid and Sassanian Coins in Fujairah, Tribulus 1995 Coins : The Safavids and their Successors, from The David Collection Persian Coins : Safavid Coinage |
PRINTED REFERENCE |
Bibliographies | general |
RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library ISBN Database |
on Iran |
Iran Oral History Project, (printed memoirs), IBEX Publishers NNDB Bibliography : Iran Persian Academy; in Farsi; English language version does not work (Sept. 21st 09) Iran, from The Online Books Page from IAAB |
on specific issues |
Food and Culture (a bibliography), by R.T. Dirks, click on South West Asia Bibliography, from Kurdistanica |
Online Libraries | general |
Google Books;
Internet Archives;
Gutenberg Library Online;
HathiTrust;
e-corpus Gallica International Boundary Studies |
on Iran |
Iran Online Library, from Iran Politics Club Iran Digital Library Digital Islamic Library Project (DILP) |
Online Journals | full text online |
Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 1997-2004 Iran Analysis Quarterly 2003-2007 Abstracta Iranica (in French) 1999-2007 Goftogu 1992- Kurdish Life 1991-, cumulative index International Journal of Kurdish Studies 1988-2002, cumulative index Etudes Kurdes 2000- |
Table of Contents Online |
Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, ToCs vol.30- |
Historiography |
Article : Persian Historiography, by H. Shambayati, pp.703-705, in vol.2 of A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, NY 1998 [G] |
On the Middle East |
General Accounts |
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Macropaedia, Vol.21, pp.930-971 Article Iran. KMLA Lib.Sign. R 032 B862h v.21 Elton L. Daniel, The History of Iran, Greenwood 2000, 320 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. 955 D 184t |
Specific Topics |
Historical Dictionaries |
John H. Lorenz, Historical Dictionary of Iran, Lanham MD : Scarecrow 1995, KMLA Lib. Call Sign R 955.003 L868h |
Yearbooks |