Five Dynasties | Yuan Dynasty |
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For later history, see Yuan Dynasty, Jin Dynasty Song Dynasty For earlier history, see Later Zhou, Wuyue, Chu, Southern Han, Later Shu, Southern Tang, Northern Han Northern Song Dynasty (capital Kaifeng) 960-1127; Southern Song Dynasty (capital Hangzhou) 1127-1279. The Song Dynasty ended the era of the Five Dynasties (907-960). The Song Dynasty freed itself from the problem of earlier dynasties - the Emperor often having been merely a pawn of the aristocracy. The political system was despotism with the Emperor in control, his administrators being recruited from those who passed Confucian state examinations open to all social classes. The elimination of the aristocracy resulted in a reduction of the burden on the peasants. Song China experienced population growth, especially in the provinces South of the Yangzi River, where newly introduced Champa Rice made possible two rice harvests per year (notably in Guangdong Province). In Song China, coal came to replace charcoal and timber as its main fuel; coal mining and the metal industry (notably iron) boomed. With the fall of Northern China to the Jin (1115-1234), trade connections across the sea became even more important. Song China produced numerous technical innovations; in the view of some scholars, the Song Dynasty was on the threshold of an industrial revolution. In 1279 Southern Song was conquered and annexed by Yuan. Demographic History of China Historical Atlas : China List of Wars : China Timeline History of East Asia (more general) Historical Dictionary East Asia (general) Biographies : East Asia (general) History by Province : Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang Students' Papers : Lyu, Seungin, History of Water-Power in Korea, in Comparison with China and Europe (2013) Students' Papers : Lee, Hye Jin, Maritime History : The South China Sea until the later 19th Century (2012) Students' Paper : Son, Bo Kyung, The History of Persecution of the Buddhist Faith (2011) Students' Papers : Choi, Jeong Hoon, Impact of Climate Change in East Asian History (2009) Students' Papers : Cho, Yeon Ju, History of Textiles in East Asia (2009) Students' Papers : Nam, Sangjoon, History of Transportation in China and Japan (2009) Students' Papers : Kim, Young Yoon, Slavery in Imperial China (2009) Students' Papers : Ko, Young Kon, The Changing View of Confucius in Chinese History. From Ancient China to Communist China (2009) Students' Papers : Kim, Do-Gyun, Old Cities : Beijing and Nanjing in Historic Encyclopedias (2009) Students' Papers : Suh, Hee-won: History of Water Management in China (2008) Students' Papers : Lee, Jong Wha: History of Transportation in China (2008) Students' Papers : Park, HyoSong : Premodern Chinese Food. Chinese Culinary History before the Republic of China (2008) Students' Papers : Ko, Young Kon, Academic History of China and Korea before 1800 (2008) |
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
Country Profiles |
Articles Song Dynasty, from Wikipedia Library of Congress Country Studies : China |
Links, General |
from Library of Congress, Portals to the World;
from BUBL;
from dmoz;
from Internet Guide for Chinese Studies (Virtual Library China);
Links on China (chapter on Ch. History) from
Univ. Oregon, Asian Studies List of China-related topics, from Wikipedia |
Links, on History |
from IGCS;
from Univ. Oregon, Asian Studies;
from East Asia Digital Library; click for Song Dynasty Category : Song Dynasty, from Wikipedia Ancient Chinese Rice Archeology Project, Paper Database |
Historical Dictionary |
Encyclopedia of China, from Jongo Knows |
Historical Maps |
see here Links, from Univ. Oregon, Asian Studies Albert Herrmann, History and Commercial Atlas of China (1935), posted by huhai.net Maps : Eastern Hemisphere 1000 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1025 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1100 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1200 AD, by Thomas Lessman Map of Nanzhao, Song, Jin, Kara-Khitan, from China Reference, in Chinese Map of Northern Song, Southern Song, from China Knowledge |
Timelines |
from www.timelines.ws : to 1925 Chronologie Chine, from Clio, in French Category : Years in China, from Wikipedia |
Accounts of History |
Concise Political History of China, posted by
Chinese Culture (CUNY); based on Comptons;
from Chinapedia Article History of the Song Dynasty, from Wikipedia Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty, from Facts and Details The Song Dynasty, from All Empires The State's Metamorphosis : From High Tang into Northern Song, ch.26, Neo-Confucian Political Philosophy, ch.27, The Age of Wang Anshi and its Aftermath, ch.28, from Edward Kaplan, Chinese Political History, at WWU J.H. Gray, The Chinese Empire, Past and Present (1900), IA S.W. Wells, The Middle Kingdom : a survey of the geography, government, education, social life, arts, and history of the Chinese Empire and its inhabitants (1882), posted on Internet Archive J.A. Whitney, The Chinese, and the Chinese question (1888), IA F.L.H. Pott, A Sketch of Chinese History (1908), IA D.C. Boulger, History of China (1881), vol.1, vol.2, posted on IA |
Historiography |
E.R. Lyman, Chronological Tables of the Chinese Dynasties: (From the Chow Dynasty to the Ch'ing Dynasty) (1900), posted on
Internet Archive J. MacGowan, The imperial history of China, being a history of the empire as compiled by the Chinese historians (1906), posted on Internet Archive |
Military |
Articles Mongol Conquest of the Song Dynasty,
from Wikipedia Category : Battles of the Song Dynasty, from Wikipedia Conceit and Military Weakness during the Song Dynasty, from Cultural China François Louis, Military Families and the Southern Song Court - the Lü case, from Journal of Sung-Yuan Studies 33 2003 Chronology of Chinese Siege Warfare, from Grand Historian |
Politics |
Chinese History - Song Dynasty 960-1279 - Government, Administration and Law, from
China Knowledge Ari Daniel Levine, Faction Theory and the Political Imagination of the Northern Song, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.19 pt.1/2 2006 The Review for LI Gou's Thought of Reform, summary of a Chinese language article, posted on Shvoong Hymes, Robert P., and Conrad Schirokauer, editors Ordering the World: Approaches to State and Society in Sung Dynasty China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. |
Foreign Policy |
Articles : Foreign Relations of Imperial China :
Song Dynasty from Wikipedia Article : Treaty of Shaoxing, from Wikipedia |
Economy & Finances |
Article : Economy of the Song Dynasty, from Wikipedia Article : Technology of the Song Dynasty, from Wikipedia Chinese History - Song, Liao, Jin, Western Xia, Science, Technology, Inventions, from China Knowledge Chinese History - Song Dynasty 960-1279 - Economy, from China Knowledge Hoyt Cleveland Tillman, Intellectuals and Officials in Action: Academies and Granaries in Sung China, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.4 pt.2 1991 Joseph P. McDermott, Family Financial Plans of the Southern Sung, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.4 pt.2 1991 Article : History of Tea in China, from Wikipedia China's "Early Industrial Revolution" : Commerce, ch.19, The Early Industrial Revolution's Technology, ch.20, Sung Society, ch.21, Sung Economic and Monetary Thought, ch.22, The Economic Consequences of Sung Legislation, ch.23, Chinese Prices from Han to Early Ch'ing, ch.29, from Edward Kaplan, Chinese Economic History from Stone Age to Mao's Age, at WWU |
Ethnography |
Languages of China (236), from Ethnologue List of Ethnic Groups in China; articles on individual minorities linked here China, from World Cultures Encyclopedia The Hakka People, from OCAC |
Religion |
China, from The Jewish Virtual History Tour;
China, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project China's Christian History, by Charles Homer Chinese Religions, from Overview of World Religions Article Neoconfucianism, Kaifeng Jews, from Wikipedia R.A. Eddy, Heresy and Orthodoxy in Song Dynasty China (960-1279 C.E.) Chinese History - Song Dynasty 960-1279 - Buddhism during the Song Period, from China Knowledge Mark Halperin, Buddhist Temples, the War Dead, and the Song Imperial Court, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.12 pt.2 1999 Daoism during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, from Development of Daoism Lewis Hodus, Buddhism and Buddhists in China |
History of Regions |
see History of Anhui, Fujian, Gansu,
Guangdong, Guangxi,
Hebei, Henan,
Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi,
Shaanxi,
Shandong, Shansi, Sichuan,
Zhejiang at this site Article : History of the Administrative Divisions of China : Provinces under Song Dynasty, History of the Administrative Divisions of China : Provinces under Song Dynasty, from Wikipedia |
History of Cities |
Articles Hangzhou,
Kaifeng, from Wikipedia History of Guangzhou (Canton), from Wikipedia The Ancient City of Kaifeng, from Cultural China Jonathan O. Pease, Lin-ch'uan and Fen-ning : Kiangsi Locales and Kiangsi Writers during the Sung, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.4 pt.1 1991 |
Institutions |
History of the Educational System of China, by D. Surowski Article Imperial Examinations, from Wikipedia |
Culture |
History of Chinese Calligraphy : Song Dynasty Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History : Northern Song Dynasty, 960-1127, Southern Song Dynasty, 1127-1279 Culture of the Song Dynasty, from Chinese Clothing History of Chinese Buddhist Art, Lecture 13 : Song Dynasty, by J.C. Huntingdon Painting of the Song Dynasty, fromCultural China Article : Architecture of the Song Dynasty, from Wikipedia Peng Shijiang, Brief History of Environmental Protection in China Chinese History - Song Dynasty 960-1279 - Literature, Thought and Philosophy, from China Knowledge Chinese History - Song Dynasty 960-1279 - Arts, from China Knowledge Imperial Kilns of the Song Dynasty, from China Today Acrobatics in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, from All China's Women Federation Buda Game of Tang and Song Dynasties, from China Culture Ting Yen, China and Vegetarianism, scroll down for Song Dynasty; posted by IVU Patricia Ebrey, Taking Out the Grand Carriage : Imperial Spectacle and the Visual Culture of Northern Song Kaifeng, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.12 pt.1 1999 Jo-shui Chen, Culture as Identity during the T'ang-Sung Transition: The Ch'ing-ho Ts'uis and Po-ling Ts'uis, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.9 pt.1/2 1996 |
Biographies |
List of Famous Chinese, from Wikipedia |
Bibliography |
Northern Song, 960-1126,
Southern Song 1127-1279,
fromThe Dynasties of China - Bibliography, Univ. of Maine at Farmington Links : Books on Chinese History, from Asia Source Bibliography of Photo-Albums and Materials related to Photography in China and Tibet before 1949, by Thomas H. Hahn Studies of Modern Chinese History : Reviews and Essays Search ISBN Database for China Publishing and Printing - China - History, from Infography Colin Jeffcott, Confucianism - a Bibliography (until Song) Royal Asiatic Society, China Branch, Shanghai, Library Online Library Catalogues (Academic, selection) Historical Research, English language abstracts of Chinese language theses, published since 2008 |
Others |
Wang Zhenping, Chonen's Pilgrimage to China, 983-986,
in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.7 pt.2 1994 The History of Chinese Medicine : Five Dynasties & Song, 907-1279, from Shen Nong Robert M. Hartwell, Fifteen Centuries of Chinese Environmental History. Creating a Retroactive Decision-Support System, 1994 anon. The Environmental History of China and the Sustainable Management of Governments |
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
Lists of Statesmen |
China, from Regnal Chronologies; scroll down for Song Song Emperors, from China Knowledge |
Population Figures |
Article : Han Chinese : Imperial History, from Wikipedia |
Document Collections |
Internet East Asian History Sourcebook Search Wikisource for Song Dynasty Texts on Song-Liao Political Relations, translated by Hsingyuan Tsao Zhu Xi's Proposal for Schools and Official Recruitment, trsl. by Mark Helperin Two texts from Tingshi, or "Stories Noted at Home on a Small Table", trsl. by Mark Helperin Richard Bowring, Brief Note Buddhist Translations in the Northern Sung, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.5 pt.2 1992 Asia for Educators : Primary Sources with Questions, China, 1000-1450 |
Archives, Musea, Libraries |
Zhejiang Provincial Museum Southern Song Dynasty Imperial Kiln Museum, from China Hotels Reservation Kai Feng City Museum, from Muztagh Luoyang Ancient Tomb Museum, from CRI English |
Monuments |
Song Dynasty : Temple of the Eight Immortals (Xi'an), from Heritage Key The Great Palace of Southern Song Dynasty, from Dongying Tombs of Song Dynasty, from China Travel Tour Guide, Tombs of Song Dynasty at Baisha, from China Culture, Imperial Mausoleums of the Song Dynasty, from China Through a Lens, Imperial Tombs of Northern Song Dynasty, from The People's Government of Zhengzhou Stone Sculptures of the Northern Song Dynasty, from Cultural China |
National Symbols |
Flag, from FOTW |
Coins, Banknotes |
Coins of the Chinese Empire, from Zeno;
Chinese Coinage Website by Vladimir Belyaev Bronze Coins in the Southern Song Dynasty, from Cultural China Zaiton Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Coins, Chapter 5 : Northern Song Dynasty The Coins and History of Asia : Ancient China, Northern Sung Dynasty, Southern Sung Dynasty, by T.K. Mallon McCorgray Northern Song Cash, by Norman F. Gorny Coin History - Song Dynasty 960-1279, from Chinese Coins |
Others |
Art and Archeology : Timelines - China - Liao, Song,
China : Song, Jin |
PRINTED REFERENCE |
Online Libraries |
Project Gutenberg, Online Catalogue;
Internet Archive NACRP Research Library Austrasasian Digital Theses Program Hong Kong University Theses Online, titles in English, most theses in Chinese Hong Kong Journals Online |
Online Journals |
Asia Major, journal published by Institute of History and Philology of the
Academia Sinica, Taiwan Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (Journal of the German Oriental Society, since 1847, in German) Journal Asiatique 1822-1937, in French, at Gallica Bulletin de l'Ecole Française de l'Extreme Orient 1901-1937, in French, at Gallica Search Shvoong [provider of English language summaries of articles published in Chinese language academic magazines] Journal of Northeast Asian History (since 2004) Journal of Song-Yuan Studies Orientalia Parthenopea Journal 2005- , mostly in Italian |
Historiography |
Article : Chinese Historical Thought - Ancient to Ming, by M.R. Drompp, pp.158-161,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Chronicle/Annal Form Histories (Biannian Shi), by G. Hardy, pp.161-162,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Commentaries, by Shoucheng Yan, pp.162-163,
Article : Chinese Historiography - General Histories (tongshi) premodern and Imperial, by J.W. Jay, p.163,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Histories of Illegitimate Dynasties (wei shi), by Q.E. Wang, pp.163-164,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Histories of Institutions, by Q.E. Wang, p.164,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Local Gazetteers (Fengzhi), by G. Alista, pp.164-165,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Miscellanea, by J.W. Jay, pp.165-166,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Records of the Beginnings and Ends of Events, by J. Lee, pp.170-171,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Standard Histories, by G.R. Hardy, pp.171-172, in vol.1 of A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, NY 1998 [G] |
General Accounts |
Article China, pp.36-231 in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., Macropaedia, vol.16, KMLA Lib.Sign. R 032 B862n |
General History |
D. Kuhn, The Age of Confucian Rule.. The Song Transformations of China, Harvard: Belknap 2009, KMLA Lib. call Sign 951.024 K96a David C. Wright, The History of China, Westport CT : Greenwood 2001, KMLA ib.Sign. 951 W947h J.T.C. Liu, Reform in Sung China, Harvard UP 1959 [G] L.A. Walton, Academies and Society in Southern Sung China, Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press 1999 [G] J.T.C. Liu, P.J. Golas (ed.), Change in Sung China, Problems in Asian Civilizations, Lexington : D.C. Heath 1969 [G] |
Historical Dictionaries |
Michael Dillon, China, a Cultural and Historical Dictionary, Richmond (Surrey) : Curzon 1998, KMLA Lib.Sign. R 951.003 D579c James S. Olson, An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China, Westport CT : Greenwood 1998 [G] Michael Dillon, Dictionary of Chinese History, Bournemouth : Frank Cass 1979 [G] |