Jin Dynasty | Ming Dynasty |
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The Mongol Empire was established in 1206. The conquest of China began with the taking of the Jin capital
of Yanjing (modern Beijing) in 1215 and ended with the conquest of Southern Song in 1279. Formally, the
Yuan Dynasty was proclaimed in 1271. The process of the disintegration of the Mongol Empire, which had begun in 1261, was
completed by 1295. This page refers to China, or parts of it, under Mongol rule, from 1215 to 1368. Confucian state examinations abolished when Yuan was established; reintroduced in 1313. For later history, see Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Yuan Dynasty For earlier history, see Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Nanzhao, Western Xia, Kara Khoja Demographic History of China Historical Atlas : China List of Wars : China Timeline History of East Asia (more general) Historical Dictionary East Asia (general) Biographies : East Asia (general) History by Province : Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang For Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang see Manchuria Students' Papers : Lyu, Seungin, History of Water-Power in Korea, in Comparison with China and Europe (2013) Students' Papers : Lee, Hye Jin, Maritime History : The South China Sea until the later 19th Century (2012) Students' Papers : Choi, Jeong Hoon, Impact of Climate Change in East Asian History (2009) Students' Papers : Cho, Yeon Ju, History of Textiles in East Asia (2009) Students' Papers : Nam, Sangjoon, History of Transportation in China and Japan (2009) Students' Papers : Kim, Young Yoon, Slavery in Imperial China (2009) Students' Papers : Ko, Young Kon, The Changing View of Confucius in Chinese History. From Ancient China to Communist China (2009) Students' Papers : Kim, Do-Gyun, Old Cities : Beijing and Nanjing in Historic Encyclopedias (2009) Students' Papers : Suh, Hee-won: History of Water Management in China (2008) Students' Papers : Lee, Jong Wha: History of Transportation in China (2008) Students' Papers : Lee, Si-eun : History of Indian and Chinese Coolies and their Descendants (2008) Students' Papers : Park, HyoSong : Premodern Chinese Food. Chinese Culinary History before the Republic of China (2008) Students' Papers : Ko, Young Kon, Academic History of China and Korea before 1800 (2008) |
E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
Biography | Others |
D o c u m e n t s |
Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
Country Profiles |
Articles Yuan Dynasty, from Wikipedia Library of Congress Country Studies : China J.H. Gray, The Chinese Empire, Past and Present (1900), IA S.W. Wells, The Middle Kingdom : a survey of the geography, government, education, social life, arts, and history of the Chinese Empire and its inhabitants (1882), posted on Internet Archive J.A. Whitney, The Chinese, and the Chinese question (1888), posted on Internet Archive |
Links | General |
from Library of Congress, Portals to the World;
from BUBL;
from dmoz;
from Internet Guide for Chinese Studies (Virtual Library China);
Links on China (chapter on Ch. History) from
Univ. Oregon, Asian Studies List of China-related topics, from Wikipedia |
on History |
from IGCS;
from Univ. Oregon, Asian Studies Category : Yuan Dynasty, from Wikimedia Commons Mongolian History Sources, from Mongolian Cilture |
Organizations |
Historical Dictionary |
Encyclopedia of China, from Jongo Knows |
Timelines |
from www.timelines.ws : to 1925 Timeline of Chinese-European Cultural Relations, posted by Institute of Asian Affairs, Hamburg Chronologie Chine, from Clio, in French Category : Years in China, from Wikipedia E.R. Lyman, Chronological Tables of the Chinese Dynasties: (From the Chow Dynasty to the Ch'ing Dynasty) (1900), posted on Internet Archive |
Accounts of History |
Concise Political History of China, posted by
Chinese Culture (CUNY); based on Comptons;
from Chinapedia Mongols and Yuan China, by Sanderson Beck Chinese History - Yuan Dynasty 1206/1279-1368, Events History, from China Knowledge The "Barbarian" States, Liao, Jin and Yuan, ch.29, from Edward Kaplan, Chinese Political History, at WWU F.L.H. Pott, A Sketch of Chinese History (1908), IA D.C. Boulger, History of China (1881), vol.1, vol.2, posted on Internet Archive J. MacGowan, The imperial history of China, being a history of the empire as compiled by the Chinese historians (1906), posted on Internet Archive |
Politics / Administraton |
Reign of Yuan Dynasty, from Travel China Guide Politics of Yuan Dynasty, from History of China Chinese History - Yuan Dynasty 1206/1279-1368, Government and Administration, from China Knowledge Tansen Sen, The Yuan Khanate and India : Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.19 pt.1/2 2006 Michael C. Brose, Realism and Idealism in the Yuanshi Chapters on Foreign Relations, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.19 pt.1/2 2006 Paul Ratchnevsky , Jurisdiction, Penal Code, and Cultural Confrontation under the Mongol-Yuan Law, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.6 pt.1 1993 |
Military |
see here J.J. Trombetta, The Emergence of Seapower in the Yuan Dynasty: The Transformation of Mongol Warfighting through a Revolution in Military Affairs (1258-1281) from Military History Online J. Gilbert, The Battle of Poyang Lake (1363), from Military History Online Articles Mongol-Jin Dynasty War, Mongol Invasion of China, Mongol Invasions of Korea, Battle of Ngasaunggyan, Battle of Pagan, Mongol Conquest of the Song Dynasty, Mongol Invasions of Japan, Mongol Invasions of Vietnam, Mongol Invasion of Java, Mongol Invasion of Burma (1300), from Wikipedia Article Naval History of China : Yuan Dynasty, Chinese Armies (pre 1911) : Yuan Dynasty, from Wikipedia Article : Red Turban Rebellion, from Wikipedia Chronology of Chinese Siege Warfare, from Grand Historian Article : Ispah Rebellion, from Wikipedia |
Economy & Finances |
A Global History of Currencies : China;
Economic History of Premodern China, from Economic History Encyclopedia The Economic History and the Economy of China, by Thayer Watkins Social Economy of the Yuan Dynasty, from Travel China Guide The Economic of Yuan Dynasty, from History of China Chinese History - Yuan Dynasty 1206/1279-1368, Economy, from China Knowledge Thomas T. Allsen, Mongolian Princes and Their Merchant Partners, 1200-1260, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.2 pt.2 1989 Elizabeth Endicott-West, Merchant Associations in Yuan China : The Ortoy, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.2 pt.2 1989 Economic Consequences of the Mongol Conquest, ch.24, Social Consequences of the Mongol Conquest, ch.25, Chinese Prices from Han to Early Ch'ing, ch.29, from Edward Kaplan, Chinese Economic History from Stone Age to Mao's Age, at WWU |
Social History |
Yuan Dynasty, from Gender, Culture and Society Four Class System of Yuan Dynasty, from Travel China Guide; from History of China The Hakka People, from OCAC Bettine Birge, Levirate Marriage and the Revival of Widow Chastity in Yuan China, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.8 pt.2 1995 |
Ethnography |
Languages of China (236), from Ethnologue List of Ethnic Groups in China; articles on individual minorities linked here China, from World Cultures Encyclopedia The Uyghur Ethnic Group, from China through a Lens |
Religion |
Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : China, from Kirken i Norge China, from The Jewish Virtual History Tour; China, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project China's Christian History, by Charles Homer Patron Saint Index : China Chinese Religions, from Overview of World Religions Islam during the Yuan Dynasty, from The Temasek Review Article : Christianity among the Mongols : Catholic Missions to Mongol China, from Wikipedia Yuan Dynasty : Religion and Culture, from Travel China Guide; from History of China Article White Lotus, from Wikipedia Chinese History - Yuan Dynasty 1206/1279-1368, Religion, from China Knowledge Daoism during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, from Development of Daoism Lewis Hodus, Buddhism and Buddhists in China |
History of Regions |
see History of Anhui, Fujian, Gansu,
Guangdong, Guangxi,
Hebei, Henan,
Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi,
Manchuria, Shaanxi,
Shandong, Shansi, Sichuan,
Tibet, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang at this site Tibet's History during Yuan Dynasty, from Embassy of the People's Republic of China in India Manchuria under the Mongol Empire, from Wikipedia Article History of Yunnan : Yunnan under the Mongol Empire and the Yuan Dynasty, from Wikipedia Article : History of the Administrative Divisions of China : Provinces under the Yuan Dynasty, from Wikipedia |
Local History |
Article Khanbaliq, from Wikipedia History of Beijing (Peking), by Lee Min Ju (at this site), from china.org, from Wikipedia History of Tianjin (Tientsin), from Wikipedia History of Nanjing (Nanking), from Wikipedia History of Guangzhou (Canton), from Wikipedia A Historical Introduction to the History of Beijing 1153-1368, from The Beijing Report |
Institutions |
History of the Educational System of China, by D. Surowski Article Zongli Yamen, from Wikipedia Article Imperial Examinations, from Wikipedia |
Culture, Arts |
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368, from Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Art and Archeology : Timelines - China : Yuan Yuan Dynasty, from The Jade Road Yuan Landscape Painting, from A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization by P.B. Ebrey Imperial Tombs of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), from China through a Lens Painting of the Yuan Dynasty, from Cultural China Memories of Yuan Dynasty Blue and White Porcelain, from CRI Chinese History - Yuan Dynasty 1206/1279-1368, Literature, Thought, Philosophy, from China Knowledge Acrobatics in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, from All China's Women Federation Ting Yen, China and Vegetarianism, scroll down for Yen Dynasty; posted by IVU |
Biographies |
List of Famous Chinese, from Wikipedia Category : Yuan Dynasty Emperors, from Wikipedia |
Others |
Peng Shijiang, Brief History of Environmental Protection
in China Ruth Dunnell, The Hsia Origins of the Yuan Institution of Imperial Preceptor, in : Asia Major 3rd series vol.5 pt.2 1992 The History of Chinese Medicine : Jin & Yuan, 1115-1368, from Shen Nong Robert M. Hartwell, Fifteen Centuries of Chinese Environmental History. Creating a Retroactive Decision-Support System, 1994 anon. The Environmental History of China and the Sustainable Management of Governments |
WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
Chinese History - Yuan Dynasty 1206/1279-1368, List of Rulers and Emperors,
from China Knowledge |
Lists of Ambassadors |
Population Figures |
China, from Population Statistics Article : Han Chinese : Imperial History, from Wikipedia |
Documents | Historical Newspapers |
Image Databanks |
Archival Deposits |
Constitutions, Laws |
Treaties |
Consular Reports |
Document Surveys |
Ch.11 : De Scriptoribus Rerum Orientalium atque Asiaticarum, Par.5 : Sinarum rerum scriptores, pp.239-244 in
B.G. Struve, Selecta bibliotheca historica, 1705, in Latin, GB ;
a catalogue of narrative historical sources |
Document Collections |
Links to sources, from UWashington Library Documents : China, from CEAS, from UCLA Center for East Asian Studies Internet East Asian History Sourcebook Search Wikisource for Yuan Dynasty Chinese History Documents, from John Fairbank Memorial Chinese History Virtual Library Chinese History : Government Documents, posted by R.R. Wertz Asia for Educators : Primary Sources with Questions, China, 1000-1450 |
Historical Maps |
see here Links, from Univ. Oregon, Asian Studies Albert Herrmann, History and Commercial Atlas of China (1935), posted by huhai.net Map of Yuan China, from A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization by P.B. Ebrey Maps : Eastern Hemisphere 1300 AD, by Thomas Lessman Map of Yuan China, from Cultural China (in Chinese) Map of Yuan China, from China Knowledge, has provinces |
Tour Guides, Travelogues |
Institutions | Archives, Musea, Libraries |
Repositories of Primary Sources : Asia : China, from
Univ. of Idaho. Mostly Archive Webpages, 9 entries UNESCO Archives Portal : National Archives Asia Pacific, has one entry for China (Nov. 20th 2006), scroll down; has also 12 entries on provincial, 31 entries on municipal level UNESCO Archives Portal : State and Regional Archives, 1 entry for Taiwan Libraries in China, from LibDex, 23 entries Online Library Catalogues (Academic, selection) |
Official Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Flags, by Phil Abbey |
Coins, Banknotes |
Banknotes of China, from World Currency Gallery, from
Ron Wise's World Paper Money;
Chinese Banknotes, from Numismondo;
Pre Qing, from Zeno Coins of the Chinese Empire, from Zeno; Chinese Coinage Website by Vladimir Belyaev Coin History Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368, from Chinese Coins |
PRINTED REFERENCE |
Bibliographies | General |
Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
(Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies), keyword Brunei (site in German, most titles listed in English;
hundreds of entries; publications mostly since 1970) RHS Bibliography |
on Yuan China |
Yuan Dynasty, 1271-1368,
fromThe Dynasties of China - Bibliography, Univ. of Maine at Farmington Links : Books on Chinese History, from Asia Source Search ISBN Database for China Royal Asiatic Society, China Branch, Shanghai, Library Historical Research, English language abstracts of Chinese language theses, published since 2008 |
Online Libraries | General |
Project Gutenberg, Online Catalogue;
Internet Archive NACRP Research Library |
on China |
Austrasasian Digital Theses Program Hong Kong University Theses Online, titles in English, most theses in Chinese |
Online Journals |
Asia Major, journal published by Institute of History and Philology of the
Academia Sinica, Taiwan Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (Journal of the German Oriental Society, since 1847, in German) Journal Asiatique 1822-1937, in French, at Gallica Bulletin de l'Ecole Française de l'Extreme Orient 1901-1937, in French, at Gallica Search Shvoong [provider of English language summaries of articles published in Chinese language academic magazines] Journal of Northeast Asian History (since 2004) Journal of Song-Yuan Studies Hong Kong Journals Online Orientalia Parthenopea Journal 2005- , mostly in Italian |
Historiography |
Article : Chinese Historical Thought - Ancient to Ming, by M.R. Drompp, pp.158-161,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Chronicle/Annal Form Histories (Biannian Shi), by G. Hardy, pp.161-162,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Commentaries, by Shoucheng Yan, pp.162-163,
Article : Chinese Historiography - General Histories (tongshi) premodern and Imperial, by J.W. Jay, p.163,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Histories of Illegitimate Dynasties (wei shi), by Q.E. Wang, pp.163-164,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Histories of Institutions, by Q.E. Wang, p.164,
Article : Chinese Historiography -Local Gazetteers (Fengzhi), by G. Alista, pp.164-165,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Miscellanea, by J.W. Jay, pp.165-166,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Records of the Beginnings and Ends of Events, by J. Lee, pp.170-171,
Article : Chinese Historiography - Standard Histories, by G.R. Hardy, pp.171-172, in vol.1 of A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, NY 1998 [G] |
General Accounts |
Article China, pp.36-231 in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., Macropaedia, vol.16, KMLA Lib.Sign. R 032 B862n David C. Wright, The History of China, Westport CT : Greenwood 2001, KMLA ib.Sign. 951 W947h |
Specific Topics |
Atlasses |
Nathan Sivin (ed.), The Contemporary Atlas of China, Boston : Houghton Mifflin 1988 [G] |
Historical Dictionaries |
Michael Dillon, China, a Cultural and Historical Dictionary, Richmond (Surrey) : Curzon 1998, KMLA Lib.Sign. R 951.003 D579c James S. Olson, An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China, Westport CT : Greenwood 1998 [G] Michael Dillon, Dictionary of Chinese History, Bournemouth : Frank Cass 1979 [G] |